ILLUSTRATIONS. xi 



FIG. PAGE 



82. Frank Gillard and the Belvoir Hounds . . . 67 



83. Curb reversed ........ 70 



84. Chin-strap with hooks at each end .... 70 



85. Action of unjointed snaffle on horse's mouth . . 71 



86. Nutcracker action of jointed snaffle on horse's mouth 7 1 



87. Groom on Leicestershire hunter . . . . 72 



88. Kalmuck on Russian remount . . . . . 73 



89. Cheek of snaffle connected to cheek-piece of bridle . 75 



90. Snaffle with cheeks solidly connected to mouth-piece 76 



91. Action of curb as a lever 76 



92. View of under surface of lower jaw . . . . 77 



93. Action of a curb which has no curb-chain . . 80 



94. Properly constructed curb for ordinary hunter . . 81 



95. Angle made by the cheeks of a curb, when the reins 



are taken up ........ 84 



96. Side view of curb which has its port inclined forward 



at an angle of 45 ...... 84 



97. Curb-chain covered with india-rubber tube . . 87 



98. with hooks 88 



99. Ordinary curb-hook ....... 88 



too. Patent " circle curb-hook " . . . . 88 



10 1. Standing martingale buckled to caveson nose-band . 90 



102. rings of a snaffle . 91 



103. Cheshire martingale ....... 92 



104. Maximum length of standing martingale ... 94 



105. Minimum ... 96 



1 06. Improvising a standing martingale by means of a 



running one. ........ 97 



107. Lord Lonsdale's registered running martingale . . 98 



1 08. A " web martingale " 99 



109. Natural position of head in canter . . . . 101 

 no. Measuring minimum length of running martingale . 102 

 rii. Irish martingale or " spectacles " . . . . 103 

 112. Running martingale improvised by means of a 



branched standing martingale and two rings . . 105 



