644 Dynamic Theory. 



phrenology, admit that persons whose eyes are far apart have a better 

 idea of form, but they ascribe it to the fact that such persons possess a 

 more complete power of seeing around objects after the manner of the 

 stereoscope, so that the image of an object is more complete and life- 

 like than it is to others whose eyes are close together. 



" Weight, " or the ability to balance and judge of the comparative 

 weight of objects, depends upon the cultivation of the muscular sense. 

 All the perceptive faculties depend directly upon the sense organs, and 

 obviously could not exist without them. 



Such a propensity as alimentiveness, " appetite, hunger," must origi- 

 nate in relation to the body to be fed. If alimentiveness is to be re- 

 garded as the organ of taste its function must depend upon the delicacy 

 and number of the taste papillae upon the tongue. Where there are no pa- 

 pillae we have reason to believe there is no perception of taste. But animals 

 without any delicacy or even perception of taste, nevertheless, have enor- 

 mous appetites. Such appetite arises from the state of the stomach. 

 All animals eat, and eat enough, brains or no brains, organs or no organs. 



Yery important qualities of character depend upon the sexual glands 

 which are therefore proved to be real organs in the phrenological sense. 



The castration of animals reduces their force and renders them compar- 

 atively mild and gentle, and the same effect is produced on men by this 

 operation. D'Escayrac de Lauture reported that six adult slaves of the 

 Kachef of Abouharas in Kordof an were emasculated for having conspired 

 against their master. They all survived the mutilation, but their char- 

 acters were completely changed, and all rebellion was effectually taken 

 out of them. Godard who reports the above adds that according to 

 Dionis, ' l castrated persons are unsociable, liars and rascals, and that 

 they never seem to practice any human virtue ; . and that according to 

 Benoit, Moju ennuchs are the vilest class of the human race, cowards 

 and rascals because they are weak, envious and spiteful because they are 

 unhappy. " Persons born without testes are weak and timid, blush easily, 

 are easily frightened. ( Luys. ) 



If we consider the intellectual faculties, we find they are all equally 

 dependent upon physical bases. The observation of external objects 

 must be through the sense organs, not indeed by means of anything such 

 organs do, but by what is done to them by external forces. The per- 

 ception of objects implies a perception of their relationships to each other, 

 or at least some of their relationships. The greater the number of these 

 which make their impression, the greater the intellectual capacity of the 

 individual. As this capacity is allowed ~by all, including the phrenologists, 

 to be in proportion to the number of the brain cells involved in the ac- 

 tion, it is at least antecedently probable that the intellectual action begun 

 in the shape of material forces, remains material to the end. At all events 



