Functions of the Cerebrum. 653 



while ' ' the higher state of tension induced by hyperaemia is itself suffi- 

 cient to produce spontaneous motorial discharges. " What this amounts 

 to is, that when to the ordinary nervous tension constantly maintained by 

 the ordinary circulation of the blood is added a conscious motor will, or an 

 unconciuus automatic stimulus, motor results take place; and so they do 

 when this ordinary circulation is artifically stimulated to become an ex- 

 traordinary circulation or hyperaemia. And so we find that in the pro- 

 duction of motor results an extra access of blood acts in the absence of 

 a will ; and this leads us to the same conclusion which we shall reach by 

 other routes, that the action of the will is to create this access of blood, 

 and that it therefore stands in the same place in the chain of causes as 

 an automatic stimulus, or as an artificial stimulus like that of Dr. Fer- 

 rier, and that its office simply is to determine to some special point an 

 accession of blood ; that is, to produce a hypersemia. That the action 

 is due to h}~persemia and the stimulation of the cells, and not to the di- 

 rect stimulation of the motor nerves, is proved by the delay in the effects 

 after the application of the electrodes, and by the persistence of the ef- 

 fects after the electrodes have been removed. It must be then that the 

 stimulations of the cerebral cells in these experiments produce in them 

 the same interaction, resulting in the same motorial discharges that take 

 place ordinarily in consciousness. The motor actions are by the meta- 

 physicians usually set down as the expressions of mental states. We 

 can now say with confidence that the so called " mental state " is pro- 

 duced by the artificial stimulation of the cerebral cells, while the animal 

 is stupified by chloroform. The movements which are called forth are 

 often of the most complicated nature and are frequently those which 

 particularly indicate strong emotions and ideas. 



FIG. 355. Side view of 

 Brain of Cat- 



A. Crucial Sulcus di- 

 viding anterior convolu- 

 tions. 



B. Fissure of Sylvius. 



C Olfactory Lobe. 



D Cerebellum. 



J?.-Medulla Oblongata. 



The figures indicate 

 points stimulated by the 

 induction current in Dr. 

 Ferrier's experiments. 

 See text for explanation. 



J*- * !* 



FIG. 355. 



11 Thus, in a cat the application of the electrodes, at point 2, fig. 355, 

 caused the elevation of the shoulder, and adduction of the limb, ex- 

 actly as when a cat strikes a ball with its paw; " at point 4, immediate 

 corrugation of the left e} T ebrow, and drawing downwards and inwards 

 of the left ear ;" at point 5 " the animal exhibits signs of pain, screams, 

 and kicks with both hind legs, especially the left, at the same time turn- 



