The Internal Senses. 697 



The internal sense organs, then, include all the cortex of the hemi- 

 spheres of the cerebrum. They are of various degrees of persistency 

 and constancy in their hereditary transmission, the older ones being the 

 truest and most persistent. First, the older ones are of course those 

 which relate to direct sense stimuli, as sound, sight, touch, smell and 

 taste, and those relating to the motor actions of limbs, eyes, jaws, &c. 

 These are common to all men, and most other mammals. Second, more 

 recent are those relating to articulation and language, and to those nar- 

 row and partial perceptions of the relations of things which restrict the 

 actions to the rude and savage arts of barbarous life, the practice of 

 which exhibits characteristics we designate as cunning, deceitful, cruel, 

 selfish, passionate, revengeful, superstitious. These, too, are common 

 to all men now in existence, and the most of them are shared in some 

 degree of development by most mammals. Third, more recent still in 

 their development are the organs of the wider perceptions of relation- 

 ship between ourselves and other men, aud our race and the rest of 

 the universe. Among these may be named geograplry, by which we 

 learn that our own home is not the center of the world, and probably 

 not the most important place in it ; history and tradition, by which we 

 learn our relationships to the past and to other races, and thus discover 

 that human excellence is not confined to our own times or to our own 

 tribe ; mathematics, by which we are enabled to perceive and compare 

 the values of things according to their quantity ; labor, by which we 

 perceive the dependence of our comfort on the personal accumulation 

 and care of property ; religion, which is a perception of our state of 

 subjection to unknown forces and powers in our environment which we 

 cannot escape, and which thereupon under the influence of a false anal- 

 ogy we endeavor to conciliate. 



The first and second classes of these organs are so fixed in our na- 

 ture by heredity that they are sure to be developed in each individual, 

 even if he be left to struggle alone for his existence. People born in 

 civilization, if their development be not arrested or abnormal, possess 

 the potentiality of the third class of organs, and the degree of develop- 

 ment to which they attain depends upon the education and opportunity 

 which their relationships to other men permit. They depend, therefore, 

 upon social conditions and men's mutual intercourse, assistance and in- 

 struction. The body of the objective facts upon which these organs de- 

 pend, is too great to be accumulated by one individual, or one genera- 

 tion of individuals ; hence, while the principle of their development is 

 precisely the same as that of the organs of the first and second classes, 

 owing to the contingent and uncertain nature of our exposure to the ne- 

 cessary stimuli, the fact and manner of their development is, anteced- 

 ently, altogether problematical. The development of the first and sec- 



