Animal Intelligence. 865 



partly by experience. Imitation is stronger among the more intelligent 

 animals, monkeys, children, feeble minded people, &c. ; the most intelli- 

 gent, however, using more original reason. Learning to speak is chiefly 

 imitation. Actions which are in part instinctive, are purposely educated 

 in their young by old animals. Young hawks are practiced in swooping 

 down on prey by the old ones dropping dead mice and sparrows for them 

 to catch, which at first they generally miss. Old birds generally help to 

 teach the young to fly by imitation, though it is also instinctive. 



An Eagle hatched out two goose eggs ; one gosling died, and the 

 other it raised, feeding it on flesh, contrary to its nature, and which it at 

 first refused. To run, jump, chirp, scratch, and cuddle together ( as if 

 under a hen ), are instinctive to a chick four hours old ; but chicks do 

 not know how to drink till taught by imitating older ones. 



There are artificial and acquired instincts. The cat and dog have 

 been made tame by artificial culture and selection. " "Where there is no 

 opportunity for the exercise of pure instinct, it will languish like all 

 the natural senses." Wild foxes, jackals, wolves, &c., and the cat tribes, 

 taken and tamed, are never broken of their desire to attack sheep, 

 poultry, &c. , and young dogs have to be taught also, but when grown, 

 the civilized dogs do not interfere with domestic animals, a case of di- 

 verted or modified instinct. But cats are not so well educated about 

 birds (pigeons and canaries), so their old instinct crops out against 

 them while it discriminates in favor of fowls. In some places, as in 

 the Polynesian Islands, dogs from being carnivorous have become 

 strictly vegetarians. In changing the instincts of dogs, only those af- 

 fecting men's interests have been modified. Others they still hold, 

 such as covering excrement, rolling in filth, turning round and round to 

 make a* bed, hiding food, &c. ' ' Most carnivorous animals in their 

 wild state have an idea of property as belonging to captors." From 

 this the dog's idea of his master's property, and himself as part of that 

 property, has been developed. A dog went along with a donkey with 

 apples in baskets on his back and prevented the donkey from reaching 

 around and getting them as he tried to do. 



Ourangs and other ape tribes are polygamous, the males contesting for 

 the headship of the family, the young and strong driving off the old 

 ones, who thereupon betake themselves to a solitary and misanthropic 

 style of life. Each one will appropriate a certain district for himself 

 and not allow any one else to trespass. Other animals have their holes 

 and dens, and birds their nests, which they defend against aggressors. 

 Remarkable, too, is the cultivation of an instinct of faithfulness by se- 

 lection, together with love of approbation. It was an interesting case, 

 that of the Scotch "Collie" or shepherd's bitch, that was delayed in 

 bringing home her sheep by having to give birth to a litter, but brought 



