Animal Intelligence. 869 



at a distance, thinking it the same. He would always run home when he 

 heard it, and never got over it. He was affected the same way by apples 

 being rolled upon a floor in the apple room, but got over that when 

 shown the cause. I know an intelligent dog who is in the habit of visiting 

 a neighbor's premises every day and is familiar with the place. One day 

 last winter coming over as usual, he suddenly spied a large snow-ball 

 that had been rolled up, and left in the yard. He was startled b}^ the 

 unusual object, and sprang back several paces. Then he barked at it 

 several times, without provoking any hostile demonstrations from the 

 ball, and so ventured a little closer and barked again, and so on till 

 finall}', being satisfied of its harmlessness, he went up to it and made 

 its acquaintance, dog-fashion. 



In Uruguay, dogs are trained to take care of the sheep in the follow- 

 ing way : The pup is separated from its mother when very young, and 

 made to suck an ewe three or four times a day, and a nest of wool is 

 made for it in the sheep-pen. At no time is it allowed to associate 

 with other dogs, or with children of the family ; moreover, it is gener- 

 ally castrated. Brought up thus, it learns to consider the flock as its 

 family. It stays with it and defends it just as it would the master's 

 house if it were brought up there. When it is away from the flock it is 

 cowardly, like any dog away from home; but if pursued by other dogs, 

 when it reaches the flock it turns around and defies any number of 

 them, and they respect his rights here as one on his own ground and 

 supported by his family, for the sheep look to him for protection, and 

 close up in his rear as they would to the leading ram. The shepherd 

 dog comes to the house daily for meat, and skulks back again as soon 

 as he gets it, often pursued by the house dogs. They are easily taught 

 to bring in the sheep to the pen at night, and to take them out in the 

 morning. (Darwin, Cruise of the Beagle.) 



There are several species of crabs, called Hermit crabs, which take 

 possession of the shells of mollusks, get into them and crawl off with 

 them on their backs. Certain species of the crabs always use certain 

 species of shells. In some cases the large claws, or pincers, are well 

 adapted, when drawn back, to form an operculum or lid to the shell, 

 answering much the same purpose as the operculum of the original 

 owner. One of these species of crabs, allied to or identical with the 

 Birgos latro, on the Keeling Islands, grows to a monstrous size, and is 

 remarkable as a cocoa-nut eater. He begins on a cocoa-nut ' ' by tear- 

 ing the husk fibre by fibre, and always from that end under which the 

 three eye-holes are situated ; when this is completed, the crab com- 

 mences hammering with its heavy claws on one of the eye-holes till an 

 opening is made. Then, turning round its body, by the aid of its pos- 

 terior and narrow pair of pincers, it extracts the white, albuminous sub- 



