916 Dynamic Theory. 



sion and excursus, all implying running out; and incur, to run against; 

 incursion, a running into ; occur, occurrence, &c. , running up to ; and 

 recur, recurrent, &c. , running back. Now all these derivatives, and 

 many more, have been built upon that Aryan root kar, and whenever 

 the idea of running in any direction is sought to be expressed, some 

 new application is apt to be made of this root or some of its derivatives. 

 I have assumed kar as an original name of the horse rather for the sake 

 of an illustration than as a statement of a known fact, although it ap- 

 pears not at all improbable. The Teutonic form of kar is har and hor 1 , 

 from which we have Anglo-Saxon hors, Middle English hors, Icelandic 

 Tiors and hross, Dutch ros, German ross, Middle High German ros and 

 ors, Old High German Tiros, all meaning horse. Anglo-Saxon horse 

 is swift, Middle High German rosch, swift. Another form of the Aryan 

 root is kal. In Sanskrit, kal is to drive ; char or chal, to move. In 

 Greek, keles is a race-horse, or riding-horse ; hello, to run swiftly or to 

 drive ; bou-kolos, a cattle driver. From the same is the Latin curro, to 

 run ; celer, swift ; Breton karr, a chariot ; Irish carr, a cart ; Breton 

 and Welsh gar, the shank of the leg ; English bucolic, pole, monopoly, 

 current, celerity, car, carol, garter, garotte, horse, calash, rush. There 

 is another Aryan root ok (Teutonic form ah), to pierce, to be sharp, to 

 be quick. From this root is derived the Sanskrit name for horse, acva ; 

 also the Greek ippos, horse ; and akros, pointed, extreme ; akone, whet- 

 stone ; akon, javelin ; akme, the edge ; Latin acus, a needle; acer, sharp; 

 acuere, to sharpen ; acies, edge ; EQTJUS, horse ; Gothic ahana, spear 

 of grain, &c. ; English acacia, acme, aconite, acrobat, hone, hippopota- 

 mus, acid, acute, ague, aglet, EQUINE, eager, edge, egg, ear, axe. 

 ( Skeat. ) It is reasonably certain that the Aryans were acquainted with 

 the horse, and had words both from kar and from ak, to run and to be 

 quick, before their dispersion. They had two names for the horse, the 

 Northwestern division retaining har, which, I conjecture, was the orig- 

 inal name, and the Asiatic and Southern divisions taking up akva. The 

 Greeks kept both names. 



The cow is an animal that was known to the Aryans before their dis- 

 persion took place, and the name is found in the Aryan languages gen- 

 erally. In Saxon, cow is cu ; Dutch, koe ; German, kuh ; Swedish, ko; 

 Danish, koe ; Latin, ceva ; Hindoo, gaj or gou ; Persian, koh ; Pahlavi, 

 gao ; Sanscrit, go is cow and gau an ox. In Greek, gaulos is a milk- 

 pail. These words are said to be derived from the Aryan root gu, mean- 

 ing to low or bellow. In Sanscrit, gu means to sound ; godama is a 

 cowherd, and gopa means a king. According to Max Miller, the u king" 

 was first the head of the cow-pen or owner of the herd, then chief of the 

 tribe. Goshtha, at first the cow-pen, came also to mean an assembly. 

 1 Skeat's Etymological Dictionary. 



