984: Dynamic Theory. 



Her cell is then more securely fastened up b} 7 the workers and she re- 

 mains imprisoned until the departure of the reigning queen with a 

 swarm, or some other casualty makes it necessary to release her. 



The development of the worker from the egg to the larva is just the same 

 as in the case of the queen. In about four days it assumes the form of 

 the maggot. It is then fed for a time upon the jelly-like food, and 

 after that upon bee-bread, which is composed of a mixture of pollen 

 and honey. At the end of about eight days from the deposit of the 

 egg, the larva has grown so much as to fill the cell. The workers then 

 close up the cell and the worm undergoes its metamorphosis into the 

 pupa and thence into the perfect fly, during the next twelve days. Its 

 whole development takes about 20 or 21 days, when it cuts away the 

 cover of its cell and comes out. 



Now it is proved by observation and experiment that if maggots 

 hatched from the worker eggs be transferred from the worker cells into 

 royal cells, and fed and treated in the same way as the royal maggots 

 are usually fed and treated, they will develop into queens instead of 

 workers. The full significance of this is very great. It proves that 

 first, the development of the form and structure of the insect depends 

 upon the quality of its nourishment and the size and form of its environ- 

 ing case. The development of the queen includes the greater elonga- 

 tion of the abdomen and formation of two ovaries in it for producing and 

 holding the eggs. The development of the worker requires three or four 

 days more time, but instead of ovaries there are formed the pollen bas- 

 kets on the hind legs, and the abdomen is shorter than in the queen. 

 Second, the instincts of the insects agree with, and without doubt de- 

 pend upon, these peculiarities of bodily form. The queen could not 

 gather honey, nor the workers mature the eggs for the next generation 

 since they have not the construction necessary for such functions. It 

 is a perfectly legitimate conclusion therefore that in this case both the 

 physical and mental make up of the animal depends exclusively upon 

 physical causes. The operations of the bee are governed through its 

 mind whether it works in consciousness or not; and the origin of 

 the mind and its actions are in principle the same as in all animals. 



Various circumstances occur in the life history of all races, including 

 man and the individuals composing them, to fix their physical structure 

 or to modify it as the case may be; and whatever it may be, such struc- 

 ture is as inevitable a result of the operations of its environment upon 

 it as is that of the bee; and the functions which are destined to be per- 

 formed through it are equally as fixed and inevitable a result of the 

 further operations of such forces on such structure. We do not expect 

 to "gather grapes of thorns or figs of thistles." 



In all of our so-called mental or psychical processes, especially those 



