104 ORIGIN OF SPECIES 



and the other more bulky, with shorter legs, which more fre- 

 quently attacks the shepherd's flocks. 



It should be observed that, in the above illustration, I speak 

 of the slimmest individual wolves, and not of any single 

 strongly-marked variation having been preserved. In former 

 editions of this work I sometimes spoke as if this latter alter- 

 native had frequently occurred. I saw the great importance 

 of individual differences, and this led me fully to discuss the 

 results of unconscious selection by man, which depends on 

 the preservation of all the more or less valuable individuals, 

 and on the destruction of the worst. I saw, also, that the 

 preservation in a state of nature of any occasional deviation 

 of structure, such as a monstrosity, would be a rare event; 

 and that, if at first preserved, it would generally be lost by 

 subsequent intercrossing with ordinary individuals. Never- 

 theless, until reading an able and valuable article in the 

 'North British Review' (1867), I did not appreciate how 

 rarely single variations, whether slight or strongly-marked, 

 could be perpetuated. The author takes the case of a pair 

 of animals, producing during their lifetime two hundred off- 

 spring, of which, from various causes of destruction, only two 

 on an average survive to pro-create their kind. This is 

 rather an extreme estimate for most of the higher animals, 

 but by no means so for many of the lower organisms. He 

 then shows that if a single individual were born, which varied 

 in some manner, giving it twice as good a chance of life as 

 that of the other individuals, yet the chances would be 

 strongly against its survival. Supposing it to survive and to 

 breed, and that half its young inherited the favourable vari- 

 ation ; still, as the Reviewer goes on to show, the young would 

 have only a slightly better chance of surviving and breeding; 

 and this chance would go on decreasing in the succeeding 

 generations. The justice of these remarks cannot, I think, 

 be disputed. If, for instance, a bird of some kind could pro- 

 cure its food more easily by having its beak curved, and if 

 one were born with its beak strongly curved, and which con- 

 sequently flourished, nevertheless there would be a very poor 

 chance of this one individual perpetuating its kind to the ex- 

 clusion of the common form ; but there can hardly be a doubt, 

 judging by what we see taking place under domestication, 



