THE LAPSE OF TIME 339 



mulation. The consideration of these various facts impresses 

 the mind almost in the same manner as does the vain en- 

 deavour to grapple with the idea of eternity. 



Nevertheless this impression is partly false. Mr. Croll, in 

 an interesting paper, remarks that we do not err ''in forming 

 too great a conception of the length of geological periods," 

 but in estimating them by years. When geologists look at 

 large and complicated phenomena, and then at the figures rep- 

 resenting several million years, the two produce a totally 

 different effect on the mind, and the figures are at once pro- 

 nounced too small. In regard to subaerial denudation, Mr. 

 Croll shows, by calculating the known amount of sediment 

 annually brought down by certain rivers, relatively to their 

 areas of drainage, that looo feet of solid rock, as it became 

 gradually disintegrated, would thus be removed from the 

 mean level of the whole area in the course of six million 

 years. 



This seems an astonishing result, and some considera- 

 tions lead to the suspicion that it may be too large, but even 

 if halved or quartered it is still very surprising. Few of us, 

 however, know what a million really means : Mr. Croll gives 

 the following illustration: take a narrow strip of paper, 83 

 feet 4 inches in length, and stretch it along the wall of a large 

 hall; then mark off at one end the tenth of an inch. This 

 tenth of an inch will represent one hundred years, and the 

 entire strip a million years. But let it be borne in mind, in 

 relation to the subject of this work, what a hundred years 

 implies, represented as it is by a measure utterly insignificant 

 in a hall of the above dimensions. Several eminent breeders, 

 during a single lifetime, have so largely modified some of the 

 higher animals, which propagate their kind much more slowly 

 than most of the lower animals, that they have formed what 

 well deserves to be called a new sub-breed. Few men have 

 attended with due care to any one strain for more than half 

 a century, so that a hundred years represents the work of two 

 breeders in succession. It is not to be supposed that species 

 in a state of nature ever change so quickly as domestic ani- 

 mals under the guidance of methodical selection. The com- 

 parison would be in every way fairer with the effects which 

 follow from unconscious selection, that is the preservation of 



