MEANS OF DISPERSAL 407 



waves would float for a less time than those protected from 

 violent movement as in our experiments. Therefore it would 

 perhaps be safer to assume that the seeds of about ^% plants 

 of a flora, after having been dried, could be floated across a 

 space of sea 900 miles in width, and would then germinate. 

 The fact of the larger fruits often floating longer than the 

 small, is interesting; as plants with large seeds or fruit which, 

 as Alph. de Candolle has shown, generally have restricted 

 ranges, could hardly be transported by any other means. 



Seeds may be occasionally transported in another manner. 

 Drift timber is thrown up on most islands, even on those in 

 the midst of the widest oceans ; and the natives of the coral- 

 islands in the Pacific procure stones for their tools, solely 

 from the roots of drifted trees, these stones being a valuable 

 royal tax. I find that when irregularly shaped stones are 

 embedded in the roots of trees, small parcels of earth are fre- 

 quently enclosed in their interstices and behind them, — so 

 perfectly that not a particle could be washed away during the 

 longest transport: out of one small portion of earth thus 

 completely enclosed by the roots of an oak about 50 years 

 old, three dicotyledonous plants germinated; I am certain of 

 the accuracy of this observation. Again, I can show that 

 the carcases of birds, when floating on the sea, sometimes 

 escape being immediately devoured : and many kinds of seeds 

 in the crops of floating birds long retain their vitality: peas 

 and vetches, for instance, are killed by even a few days' im- 

 mersion in sea-water; but some taken out of the crop of a 

 pigeon, which had floated on artificial sea-water for 30 days, 

 to my surprise nearly all germinated. 



Living birds can hardly fail to be highly effective agents 

 in the transportation of seeds. I cpuld give many facts 

 showing how frequently birds of many kinds are blown by 

 gales to vast distances across the ocean. We may safely 

 assume that under such circumstances their rate of flight 

 would often be 25 miles an hour; and some authors have 

 given a far higher estimate. I have never seen an instance 

 of nutritious seeds passing through the intestines of a bird; 

 but hard seeds of fruit pass uninjured through even the di- 

 gestive organs of a turkey. In the course of two months, I 

 picked up in my garden 12 kinds of seeds, out of the excre- 



