LEADING CEREALS AND THEIR BY-PRODUCTS 131 



malt grains form a bulky feed which is rather low in carbohydrates 

 and fat, but carries about 20 per ct. digestible crude protein, one-third 

 of which is amids. At ruling prices they are an economical source of 

 protein, but, not being relished by stock, should be given in limited 

 quantity mixed with other concentrates. Malt sprouts are especially 

 valuable for dairy cows, tho they will not usually eat over 2 or 3 lbs. 

 daily. In Europe horses have been fed as high as 5 to 6 lbs. per head 

 daily with good results, and sheep 0.5 lb. daily per 100 lbs. live weight. 

 Since malt sprouts swell greatly when they absorb water, they should 

 be soaked for several hours before feeding. 



Barley feed. — This by-product from the manufacture of pearl barley 

 or flour has about the same feeding value as wheat bran, being some- 

 what lower in protein and higher in nitrogen-free extract. 



V. Rye and Its By-Products 



Rye, the principal cereal of north Europe, is not extensively grown 

 in America. Tho it repays good treatment, this "grain of poverty" 

 thrives in cool regions on land that will not give profitable returns 

 with other cereals. It furnishes about one-third of the people of 

 Europe with bread, and when low in price or off-grade is commonly 

 fed to stock. 



Rye and its by-products. — Tho farm animals show no fondness for 

 rye, they take it willingly when mixed Avith other feeds. Fed alone 

 or in large amounts it is more apt to cause digestive disturbances than 

 the other cereals. In northern Europe it is a common feed for horses 

 and swine. Fed in large allowance to cows rye produces a hard, dry 

 butter. 



The by-products in the manufacture of rye flour are rye 'bran and 

 rye middlings, which are usually combined and sold as rye feed. All 

 have about the same feeding value as the corresponding wheat feeds, 

 the rye feeds containing less fiber and being somewhat lower in protein 

 and higher in nitrogen-free extract. 



VI. Emmer 



Emmer, often incorrectly called "spelt" or "speltz," was intro- 

 duced into America from Germany and Russia. It is a member of the 

 wheat family, altho in appearance the grain resembles barley. Being 

 drought resisting, emmer is valuable in the semi-arid regions of Amer- 

 ica. In 1909, 12,700,000 bushels were grown, mostly in the northern 

 plains states. 



Emmer as a feed. — In composition emmer resembles oats. It may 

 be fed with success to all classes of farm animals, its value being some- 



