MISCELLANEOUS CONCENTRATES 153 



tilled liquors from cereals, after being ground the corn, rye, etc., are 

 treated with a solution of malt to change the starch to sugar, which 

 is then changed to alcohol by the action of yeast. The alcohol is next 

 distilled off leaving a watery residue known as distillers' slops. The 

 solid matter from this is dried to form dried distillers' grains, which 

 contain the portions of the grain not acted upon during the fermenta- 

 tions; that is, the crude protein, fiber, fat and the more insoluble 

 carbohydrates. Distillers' grains from corn usually contain about 30 

 per ct. protein and rank between gluten feed and linseed or cotton- 

 seed meal in feeding value. Those from rye contain about 23 per ct. 

 protein, and are thus of considerably lower value. 



Because of their bulky nature and high nutritive value, dried dis- 

 tillers' grains are one of the best high-protein concentrates for dairy 

 cows. Not being especially palatable, they should be mixed with 

 better-liked feeds and the allowance restricted to 2 to 4 lbs. per head 

 daily. Tho the grains are not relished by horses, they may form 

 one-fourth the concentrate allowance. They serve well as part of the 

 concentrates for fattening steers and sheep, but are too bulky for ex- 

 tensive feeding to pigs. 



Salvage grain. — Grain damaged by fire, smoke, or water in ware- 

 house fires is known as salvage grain. Its value depends on how 

 much it is damaged and on the amount of screenings present. 



Cocoa shells. — This by-product of the manufacture of cocoa and 

 chocolate consists of the hard outside coating, or bran, of the cocoa 

 bean. The shells, which are dark brown and brittle, are used in a 

 few proprietary feeds. They are of low digestibility and worth not 

 over half as much as corn meal. 



Proprietary and mixed feeds. — There are now on the market a host 

 of mixed feeds, chiefly sold under proprietary names. Their compo- 

 sition differs widely, some containing only high-grade concentrates 

 like wheat bran, cottonseed meal, malt sprouts, gluten feed, etc. 

 Others contain more or less screenings or light-weight grain, which 

 will in general be of lower value than good-quality grain. Most of 

 these feeds contain such low-grade by-products as oat hulls, ground 

 corn cobs, flax plant by-product, etc., and some consist largely of such 

 material. Altho the percentages of crude protein, fat, and fiber in 

 any given brand are usually kept at the same figure from month to 

 month, the amounts of the separate ingredients in the feed are seldom 

 guaranteed. Thus the feed put out this year under a certain propri- 

 etary name may not be the same as that sold next year under the same 

 name and guarantee. For this reason practically no trials to deter- 

 mine the values of these mixtures have been conducted by the experi- 

 ment stations. 



