156 



THE BONES. 



Fig. 108. 



POSTERIOR LIMB OF THE HORSE (ANTERO- 

 EXTERNAL VIEW). 



C, Coxa ; F, femur ; J, tibia ; 8, tarsus ; M, meta- 

 tarsus; p, phalanges; S, sesamoid. 1, Ischium ; 1', 

 pubis; 2, head of the femur; 3, trochanter major; 

 4, trochanter minor ; 5, condyle of the femur ; 

 6, patella ; 7, fibula ; tibial ridge ; 9, calcis. 



a brief analysis of the analogies ex- 

 isting between them. 



At the end of the last century, 

 Winslow and Vicq-d'Azyr, and nearer 

 our own time, Cuvier, Flourens, 

 Paul Gervais, Martins, Gegenbauer, 

 Lavocat, Foltz, and Sabatier, have 

 occupied themselves with the homo- 

 logy of the anterior and the posterior 

 members. All these anatomists did 

 not absolutely arrive at the same 

 conclusion ; for several of them, for- 

 getting that the question should be 

 examined in the whole animal series, 

 made Man alone the subject of their 

 studies. 



Vicq-d'Azyr and Cuvier recom- 

 mended that the anterior and pos- 

 terior limbs of opposite sides should 

 be compared. Martins and Gegen- 

 bauer, allowing a torsion of the 

 humerus of 180°, advised that the 

 two members of the same side should 

 be compared, care being taken to 

 make allowance for the untwisting 

 of the 180° contortion at the lower 

 end of the humerus. Lastly, 

 Flourens and Lavocat contrasted the 

 two members of the same pair with 

 each other, after placing the hand 

 in a position of natural pronation 

 by rotation of the radius on the ulna, 

 and without turning either limb or 

 bone, or even a portion of a bone, 

 no matter what kind of animal may 

 be under examination. We will 

 adopt the latter proceeding, as it is 

 the simplest and most natural. 



Parallel between the coxa and 

 scapula. — The analogies existing be- 

 tween these two bones are but little 

 striking at first sight ; nevertheless, 

 with attention there is no ditficulty 

 in finding in the coxa the three pieces 

 that enter into the composition of 

 the shoulder (Figs. 107, 108). 



The ilium represents the scapula. 

 The external iliac fossa reminds one 

 of the supra- and subspinous fossae. 

 Occasionally, there is met with in the 



