244 THE MUSCLES. 



was noticed by G-, Cuvier, in his ' Le9ons d'Anatomie Comparee,' and which 

 appears to have been omitted, at least so far as SoHpeds are concerned, in every 

 treatise on Veterinary Anatomy. The following is what we have often observed 

 in this respect : On reaching the posterior border of the ulnar mass of muscles, 

 the panniculus divides into two superposed layers — one, superficial, is carried 

 to the muscles of the anterior limb ; the other, deep, soon terminates by an 

 aponeurosis, which is united to the deep pectoral muscle, and is bordered at 

 its . upper margin by a nacrous aponeurotic band that penetrates between the 

 thorax and the muscles of the arm, to be fixed to the small trochanter. 



Relations. — By its superficial face, with the skin, to which it closely adheres ; 

 by its deep face, with the latissimus dorsi, the dorsal portion of the trajjezius, the 

 abdominal tunic, the great oblique muscle of the abdomen, the serratus magnus, 

 some external intercostals, the spur vein, and the superficial muscles of the 

 shoulder and arm. 



Action. — The animal, in contracting this muscle, shakes the whole of the 

 cutaneous integument which covers it ; thus preventing insects from alighting on 

 the surface of the body, or tormenting by their bites or stings. 



In the Dog, tlie panniculus carnosus is prolonsed over the croup, and is united along the 

 dorso-lumbar spine to that of the opposite side. It is very developed in the Cat. 



Cervical Region. 



This region comprises all the muscles grouped around the cervical vertebrae — 

 muscles which are conspicuous by their volume, and the important part they play 

 in the animal economy. There are described a superior and an inferior cervical 

 region. 



A. SuPERioE Cervical, or Spinal Region of the Neck. 

 This includes seventeen pairs of muscles, arranged in four layers on each side 

 of the cervical ligament, as follows : — 



First Layer. 

 Cervical portion of the Trapezius. 



Second Layer. 

 Rhomboideus. Angularis scapulm. Spleniv^. 



Third Layer. 

 Complexus. Trachelo-Mastoideus. 



Fourth Layer. 



Spinalis or Semispinalis Colli. Six Intertransversales Colli. Obliquus 

 Capitis anticus or inferioris. Obliquus Capitis posticus or superioris. Rectus 

 Capitis posticus major. Rectus Capitus posticus minor. 



These occupy the triangular space circumscribed by the upper border of the 

 cervical hgament, the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, and the 

 spinous process of the second dorsal vertebra. 



Preparation. — Place the subject in the second position, and dissect in succession the four 

 layers of the region. To study the first layer, which is formed by the cervical portion of 

 tlie trapezius, remove the skin, connective tissue, and the fascia covering that muscle (see 

 Fig. 1.59). The preparation and study of the second layer, composed of tlie rhomboideus, 

 angularis, and splenius, is carried out in two stages. In the first, the trapezium and the 



