MUSCLES OF THE TRUNK. 259 



process, the curved line of the occipital bone, and to the cervical ligament, in becoming con- 

 founded with the trapezium (Fig. 172, 22); the other, the cleido-mastoideus, terminates in a 

 tendon that joins the sterno-maxillaris, and is inserted into the basilar process, after 

 receiving the fibres of the long flexor of the head (Fig. 172, 21). The upper extremity of the 

 deep portion of the mastoido-humeralis is inserted into the atlas by a flattened tendon alone, 

 which is quite distinct from the atloid insertions of the splenius and the trachelo-mastoideus. 



In the Sheep and Goat, the costal band that joins the superficial portion is absent. The 

 latter is divided at its inferior extremity into two branches, between which pass the biceps. 

 The upper branch passes to the epitrnchlea. 



The sterno-maxillaris muscle, instead of being inserted into the inferior maxilla, is united 

 to the suboccipital branch of the mastoido-humeralis, to be attached to the basilar process. At 

 another time we will discuss" the determination of this muscle, and that of the fleshy band here 

 considered as belonging to the first (see Spinal Nerve). 



The sterno-thyro-hyoid muscle is thicker than in the Horse, and not digastric. 



The subscapulo-hyoideus of Ruminants is but slightly developed, and might be termed the 

 trachelo-hyoideus, as it proceeds to the transverse process of the tiiird or fourth cervical 

 vertebra. In its passage beneath the basilar branch of the mastoido-humeralis and sterno- 

 maxillaris, it contracts adhesions with the fibres of these two muscles. 



The great anterior straight muscle of the head descends to the sixth cervical vertebra. Its 

 cervical insertions are covered by a very strong muscular fasciculus, which is annexed to it. 

 Like it, this fasciculus leaves the sixth cervical vertebra, and is attached to the transverse 

 processes of the four vertebrae preceding the last, by becoming confounded with the inter- 

 transversales, and finally terminating at the tracheal process of the atlas by fleshy and 

 aponeurotic fibres. This muscular fasciculus singularly strengthens the neck when it is 

 inclined to one side. In consequence of its attachments, it might be named the trachelo- 

 atloideus (Fig. 172, 24). 



Lastly, in Ruminants the superior scalenus is very developed, being a flattened band which, 

 gradually expanding, is prolonged to tlie surface of the serratus magnus. 



B. Pig. — In this animal, tlie cervical panniculus is in two portions : an inferior, which 

 comes from tiie point of tlie sternum ; and a superior, from the external capsular region. They 

 unite in front, and are prolonged in common on the muscles of the face, contracting adhesions 

 with the outer surface of the body and branebes of the inferior maxilla. 



The other muscles of the inferior cervical region are not unlike those of Ruminants. 



Of the two portions of the mastoido-humeralis, the superficial is bifid at its superior 

 extremity. The posterior branch, the clavicular portion of the trapezius, is attached to the 

 side of the occipital protuberance ; the anterior branch, the cleido-mastoideus, goes beneath 

 the external auditory hiatus, to the crest that replaces the mastoid process ; the deep portion 

 is attached above to the atlas only. 



In the Pig, the fterno-maxillaris exactly represents that muscle in the Horse, as its tendon 

 passes directly to the mastoid process. 



The sterno-thyro-hyoideus is double ; the supplementary branch going to the inferior face 

 of the thyroideus. 



The subscapulo-hyoideus and great anterior straight muscle of the head, resemble those of 

 the Ox. The small straight lateral muscle is scarcely distinct from the small oblique. The 

 superior scalenus extends to the third rib. The two lateral portions of the longus colli are 

 separate, and form two distinct muscles. 



C. Camivora. — In the Dog, each cervical panniculus is in two portions, as in the Pig. 

 The fibres from tbe breast are directed in a diveiging manner over the face, the submaxillary 

 space, and the parotid gland, where they form the parotido-auricularis muscle. The portion 

 coming from the external scapular region is thicker and wider; it covers the lateral parts of 

 the neck, the parotid gland, the parotido-auricularis, passes above the preceding, and termi- 

 nates on the face and in the submaxillary space, where its fibres join those of the opposite side. 



The mastoido-humeralis comports itself somewhat as in Ruminants and the Pig. The 

 superficial portion is bifid superiorly ; one of its branches is fixed into the mastoid process — 

 the cleido-mastoideus ; the other into the mastoid crest and cervical ligament, in uniting by 

 aponeurosis with the trapezius— the clavicular portii.n of the trapezius. The deep portion 

 passes from the atlas to the scapular spine. 



The tendon of the sterno-maxillaris goes to the mastoid process. The sterno-thyro-hyoideus 

 Is thick and not digastric, and commences from the cartilage of the first rib. 



The Camivora have no subscapulo-hyoideus ; but they possess a very long scalenus, which 

 passes to the eighth rib, and a longus colli, which tends to become divided into two lateral 

 portions. 



