268 THE MUSCLES. 



attacher], superiorly, to the sides of tlie external occipital crest. The trachelo-mastoideus 

 is not fixed into the axis and atlas, its superior extremity passing directly to the mastoid 

 process. 



There is nothing particular to note regarding the straight posterior and oblique muscles of 

 the head ; the differences they offer in their form are allied to the conformation of the bones in 

 this region. 



Of the two small serrated muscles, that which corresponds to the anterior serrated or 

 animals rises very high ; for it is attached by an aponeurosis to the spinous processes of the 

 three first dorsal vertebrae, the seventh cervical, and the cervical ligament. 



There are found in Man, lying along the vertebral furrows, several muscles which represent 

 the longissimus dorsi and the transversalis costarum of Solipeds. Thus tlie common mass 

 covering the lumbar vertebrae behind, is prolonged by two series of fleshy and tendinous 

 fasciculi ; one forms the sacro-lumhaiis, which resembles the transversalis costarum of animals ; 

 the other, the long dorsal, represents the inferior branch of the longissimus dorsi. The 

 superior branch of the latter is found in the semispinalis colli. 



Lastly, there are also seen in Man semispinalis and intertransversalis muscles, which 

 correspond : the first, to the semispinalis of the back and loins and semispinalis colli ; the 

 second, to the intertransversales of the loins of the domesticated species. 



2. Muscles of the Neck. 



The mastoido-humeraUs is not present in Man, being peculiar to Quadrupeds; but we 

 should see a portion of its fasciculi in the cleido-mastoideus muscle, and in the clavicular 

 portions of the trapezius and deltoid. 



The sterno-mastoideus corresponds to the sterno-maxillaris of animals; as in the Dog, it 

 is inserted into the external face of the mastoid process and the external two-thirds of the 

 superior occipital curved line. Below, it commences by two fasciculi — one from the sternum, 

 the other from the clavicle. We have already alluded to this clavicular fasciculus. 



The sterno-lhyro-hyoideus is large and well developed, resembling in its disposition that of 

 the smaller animals. It is to be noted that the sterno-hyoideus portion leaves the sternum, tlie 

 first costal cartilage, and the internal extremity of the clavicle. The subscapulo-hyoideus is 

 digastric. The anterior great straight muscle of the head is attached to four cervical vertebrae, 

 as in Ruminants and the Pig. The anterior small straight, the lateral small straight, and the 

 longus colli, comport themselves as in the smaller animals. The anterior scalenus is very 

 developed, for it is attached to the six last cervical vertebrae. 



Sublumbar, or Inferior Lumbar Region. 



The muscles of this region are deeply situated at the inferior face of the 

 lumbar vertebrae and the ilium, concurring to form the roof of the abdominal 

 cavity, and are in more or less direct contact with the viscera contained in that 

 cavity. They are nine pairs. Three of these have received the generic name of 

 psoas, and are of large volume ; they are bound by a strong aponeurosis — the 

 iliac fascia, and are distinguished as the great psoas, iliac psoas (or iliacus), 

 and small psoas. A fourth is named the square muscle of the loins {quadratus 

 lumhorum). The other five, placed between the transverse processes of the 

 lumbar vertebrae, represent, in consequence of their connection with these kind 

 of fixed ribs, veritable intercostal muscles ; these are the intertransversales muscles 

 of the loins. 



Preparation.— 1. Place the subject in the first position : open the abdominal cavity by 

 completely removing its inferior walls ; empty the cavity of the viscera it contains, and excise 

 the diaphragm, as that muscle prevents the anterior extremity of the great and small psoas 

 muscles being seen. 2. First study the iliac fascia, its form, relations with the long abductor 

 of the leg, its attachments, its continuity with the tendon of the small psoas, and the expansion 

 reflected from the aponeurosis of the ^reat abdominal oblique muscle. 3. Expose the three 

 psoas muscles by removing the iliac fascia, the two adductors of the leg, and the three 

 adductors of the thigh. 4. Remove the psoas muscles for the dissection of the quadratus and 

 intertransversales. 



