432 



THE DIGESTIVE APPARATUS IN MAMMALIA. 



3. Palate.— li does not possess a vascular membrane, as in the Horse, and its mucous 

 membrane shows a longitudinal and transverse furrow in its anterior two-thirds. It is pal© 

 and resisting. 



4. Tonj/Me.— This is thick, short, and broad ; its base is almost vertical, and in the middle 

 is a perpendicular, fibrous, and semilunar lamina — the lingual septum — which gives insertion to 

 muscular fibres. 



Authropotoruists distinguish intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. The first are : the lingualis 

 superior and inferior, transversus, and longitudinalis. The second are, as in Solipeds, the 

 stylo-glissus, genio-glossus, hyo-glossus, and pharyngo-glossus. There is also described a 

 palato-glossus, which partly belongs to the soft palate. 



The mucous membrane shows the ditierent characters recognized in that of animals. That 



Fig. 243. 



MEDIAN ANTERO-POSTERIOR SECTION OF THE HUMAN FACE. 



a, Septum of nose, with section of hard palate below it ; 6, tongue ; c, section of soft palate ; d, d, 

 lips; M, uvula; r, anterior arch, or pillar of fauces; i, posterior arch; t, tonsil; p, pharynx; 

 h, hyoid bone; k, thyroid cartilage; n, cricoid cartilage; s, epiglottis; v, glottis. 1, Posterior 

 opening of nares; 3, isthmus faucium ; 4, superior opening of larynx ; 5, passages into cesophagus ; 

 6, orifice of right Eustachian tube. 



of the dorsal face is divided into two portions by two A-shaped rows of papillae, the summit ot 

 which abuts on the deep mucous follicle named the foramen csecum. The posterior portion presents 

 depressions which correspond to the closed follicles, and the fungiform and calyciform papillae ; 

 the anterior portion has a villous aspect, due to the great number of filiform papillae cowringit. 

 5. Soft Palate. — In Man, the soft palate is short and divided into two portions : an anterior, 

 horizontal, attached to the base of the tongue by the anterior pillars of the curtain ; a posterior, 

 movable and oblique, having a free portion, the uvula, and fixed to the lateral walls of the 

 pharynx by the posterior pillars. Tlie amygdalx, or mass of closed follicles, are lodged in the 

 triangular space between the anterior and posterior pillars. The fibrous structure is not 

 present, unless the small expansion of the external tensor of the palate represents it. The 

 muscles are the same as in animals, and, in addition, there are described two palato-glossal 

 muscles, included between the mucous folds tliat form the anterior pillars. The palato- 

 pharyngeus extends to the posterior nasal spine. The isthmus of the fauces is wider than in 

 the Carnivora. 



