1000 GENERATIVE APPARATUS. 



insertion of the broad ligaments on its lower plane, so that it overlaps them, while the utema 

 of the Mare projects below them. Otherwise, these lijjaments are very ample, especially at 

 their anterior border; they are wide apart in front, towards their lumt«,r attachment, wliich 

 is prolonged even on the parietes of the flank. The ligaments may be altogether compared to 

 a triangular cravat, one angle of which is attached to the bottom of the pelvic cavity, and the 

 other two to the tuberosities of the ilium. On this cravat lies the body and part of the cornua 

 of the uterus. 



The uterine cornua are thin and tapering at their anterior extremity. The body is short 

 and narrow. 



The interior of the utenis of the Cow is less ample tlian that of the Mare. Its surface is 

 studded with rounded tubercles, known as cotyledons, which will be studied iiereafter. It is 

 only necessary to say here that they are numerous ia the cornua, but small and few in the 

 body of the organ. 



The cervix uteri, about from 2f to 3 J inches long, is narrow and irregular. The "ex- 

 panded flower," more finely plicateil than in the Mare, is almost cartilaginous. Three other 

 plicated rings, eafh smaller than the other, are e'chelonned in the cavity of the cervix, from 

 the external orifice to the body (corresponding to the pHcae palmatx, or arbor vitm uterina, of 

 Woman.) 



In structure, the muscular layer is generally thicker than in Solipeds. 



In the Sheep and Goat, the arrangement is the same as in the Cow, except that the 

 cotyledons are hollowed like a cup in their centre, and deserve their name. (The cornua are 

 longer and more pendent than in the Cow.) 



In the Camel, the cervix uteri is very long, and is encircled by six corona of superposed 

 mucous folds, hard and rigid on their surface. The cavity in the body is divided in two for 

 the greater part of its extent, by a septum formed by the junction of the two cornua. 



Vagina. — In the Cow, the sides of the vagina are traversed, for a certain distance, by a 

 mucous canal tliat opens into the vulvar cavity, beside the meatus urinarius. These ducts, 

 the use of which is unknown, are designated the canals of Gxrtner. They are not present in 

 the Sheep or Goat. (In Ruminants, the vagina is longer, and its external tunic thicker, 

 than in the Mare. Leyh describes the canals of Gaertner as present in the Mare, though 

 rarely.) 



Vulva. — This has thick labia in the Cow. The inferior commissure is acute, and furnished 

 with a tuft of hair. (The corpus cavernosum of the clitoris is longer, thinner, and more 

 flexuous, and the glans much smaller, than in the Mare.) The meatus urinarius is disposed 

 as in the Mare; but there exists, on the floor of the urethra, a valve the free border of which 

 is directed backwards. This valve surmounts a small cul-de-sac, which it is necessary to avoid 

 in catheterism of the bladder. At about an inch from the entrance to the vulva, there are 

 found in the texture of the labia the vulvo-vaginal glands (glands of Bartholine). Discovered 

 by Duverney, described by Bartholine, and recently by Colin, these glands (two in number) 

 are about the size of a large almond ; their wide extremity is directed upwards, and the 

 narrow end, situated in the vicinity of the iscMo-clitoridis muscle, gives origin to the excretory 

 canaliculi. They are yellow racemose glands, and their ducts unite to form a kind of sinus, 

 which at length opens in the vaginal cavity, about 4 inches from the labia of the vulva. 

 (These glandulse vaginie are supposed to be analogous to the prostate glands, and are covered 

 by muscular fasciculi. They are composed of pyriform glandular vesicles, lined by squamous 

 epithelium, and surrounded by a dense nucleated connective tissue ; the excretory ducts are 

 invested by columnar epithelium, and surrounded by a thin layer of smooth muscle-cells, dis- 

 posed longitudinally. Their secretion is a clear, yellowish, viscid mucus.) 



(In the Sheep and Goat, the labia of the vulva have several folds externally, and the 

 inferior commissure terminates in a point.) 



Mammx. — In the Cow, eacli lateral mammary mass — although enclosed in a single fibrous 

 capsule — is composed of two distinct glands, each having its teat; so that this animal really 

 has four mammx and four teats. There are also frequently found behind these, two rudi- 

 mentary imperforate (sometimes, though very rarely, perforate) teats. 



In the centre of each gland, at the base of the teat, is a single galactophorous sinus, the 

 general confluent of all the lactiftrous ducts — a wide cavity opening at the extremity of the 

 teat by a definitive excretory canal.' (The mammse of the Cow occupy the same region as 

 those of the Mare, and the teats are longer and thicker.) 



' Sanson has seen, at Grignon, a Cow with seven teats, all giving milk. He has also seen 

 *wo teats communicating with the same galactophorous sinus, and he believed that there are 

 •nly two mammae, no matter how many teats there may be. Goubaux is of opinion that 



