26 Anthrax. 



The official report contains the results on 39,506 horses, 718,266 cattle and 1,247,331 

 sheep, and according to its statements the percentage of vaccinated animals given 

 below died of anthrax: 



Horf^es. Cattle. Sheep. 



After the first vaccination 0.10% 0.02% 0.26% 



In the course of following years 0.09% 0.02% 0.33 7o 



Total 0.19% 0.04% 0.59% 



In Gernianv the results were at first less favorable (in Packish during the 

 period 1882 to 1888 the entire loss of vaccinated cattle amounted to 3.1% and of 

 vaccinated sheep 2.8%). Later, particularly in Wiirttemberg and Alsace-Lorraine, 

 the results were more satisfactory. Since 1900 in the vicinity of Magdeburg over 

 2,000 cattle, mostly draft oxen, have been vaccinated annually with uniforndy good 

 results, and since that time the previously frequent intestinal catarrhs (slight anthrax 

 infections?) are no longer observed (Jungklaus). 



In Austria vaccination was carried out on 9,456 fattening cattle with complete 

 success during the period between 1894 and 1898. It was observed, however, that 

 the vaccination of such animals during the summer months caused a severe reaction. 



In Eussia vaccination has also been followed by uniformly good results, with 

 the exception of the fatal vaccination in the Crimea (1888), which was supposed to 

 be due to an error in the vaccines, in which instance 4,564 sheep were vaccinated 

 and 3,478 died in the course of a few days. The total loss in the district of Cherson, 

 in which 20,000 sheep were vaccinated during the years 1885-1888, amounted to 

 0.87% compared with previous losses of 10% to 33% in former years (Wysokowicz). 



Similar good results followed vaccinations in Holland (Wirtz), in Switzer- 

 land (Hess), as well as in America (Dalrymple), and Australia. 



Direct results from the vaccination. In the vaccinated animals a slight 

 elevation of temperature is observed as a rule in 2 to 5 days, which, however, is 

 rarely accompanied by perceptible disturbances in the general health. Not infre- 

 quently in cattle an extensive subcutaneous edema develops in the vicinity of the 

 point of inoculation, which, however, disappears in 1 to 3 days, especially if cold 

 applications are made. Exceptionally, pregnant animals abort or give premature 

 birth. In milk cows a diminished quantity of milk may be observed. Anthrax 

 bacilli, however, do not pass into the milk as a result of the vaccination (Nekljudow). 



Fatal results may sometimes follow even when the vaccination is carried out 

 correctly, with faultless vaccine, probably as a result of the low individual resist- 

 ance of the animal. In several instances of this kind numerous losses were observed. 

 Thus, excei>ting the case mentioned in the Crimea after the first vaccination in 1889 

 of 1,383 sheep in the Hungarian township of Lukacs, 77 sheep and 44 lambs died 

 of anthrax, and in Guta in 1893 out of 1,564 vaccinated horses 72 died within 2 

 weeks after the first vaccination. The autopsies in this case revealed a septicemic 

 complication in the form of a suppurative inflammation of the serous membranes, 

 and a necrosis of the muscles at the point of inoculation, which was caused by a 

 rod-shaped bacterium (Preisz). In Fokto, of 680 horses 38 died in 1896 of anthrax 

 in two weeks following vaccination. In this case the post mortem revealed a severe 

 intoxication and anthrax bacili in association with other bacilli were found exclu- 

 sively in the edematous swellings at the point of inoculation (Preisz). In the 

 vicinity of Debreczen, of 30 horses vaccinated in 1902 with vaccine prepared for 

 cattle, 9 became severely affected, 6 of which died of anthrax. In Austria, 316 

 cattle were vaccinated in the township of Storozynetz (Bukowina) in 1S93, and 

 among these 265 were fattening cattle. On the day following all animals mani- 

 fested fever, dyspnea, blooily, foamy discharge from the nose and rectum, and 24 

 died inside of a few hours from peracute anthrax. 



In cases in which the vaccine acted too severely the indication appears inside 

 of a week following the first, or more frequently the second vaccination in which 

 a marked edema develops from the point of inoculation followed by a general infec- 

 tion and the usual post mortem lesions of anthrax. In some cases the animals do 

 not become visibly affected until after three weeks of incidiation, in the meantime 

 7iianifesting a disturbed appetite, finally succumbing to cachexia, which points to a. 

 clironic intoxication. After the vaccination of already infected herds the occur- 

 rence of deaths may be the result of latent infection (see page 8) as in these 

 bacilli carriers the resistance may possibly be reduced by the vaccination. 



The attenuated bacilli contained in the vaccine retain their cultural charac- 

 teristics in the body of the vaccinated animal (according to Preisz they form soft, 



