112 Septic Pleuro-pneuindiiia of Calves. 



relation of the two diseases appears especially indicated by the fact 

 that in certain herds adult cattle and calves are frequently affected 

 at the same time. 



The causative agent (Bac. vitulisepticus) is identical with the 

 organism of septicemia, and natural infection appears to occur princi- 

 pally tlirough the digestive tract. All excretions of the infected animals 

 may transmit the infection. 



The autopsy reveals a large amount of sero-fibrinous exudate in 

 the pleural cavity, punctiform hemorrhages in the serous covering of 

 the lungs, reddish-brown or grayish-red hepatizations with serous 

 infiltration of the interalveolar connective tissue in the lungs, and 

 sometimes dilatation of the lymph vessels contained therein (marbled 

 appearance). The finding is completed by the presence of small 

 hemorrhages in the serous and mucous membranes, acute catarrh of 

 the air passages and the gastro-intestinal canal, acute swelling of the 

 lymph glands, and cloudy swelling of the parenchymatous organs. 



The s.ymptoms consist in high fever, weakness, inappetence, indi- 

 cations of acute pleuro-pneumonia such as painful cough, difficulty in 

 respiration, sensitiveness over the thorax, dullness over the lower parts 

 of the lungs \Adth friction sounds, bronchial breathing, or a total absence 

 of respiratory sounds. Difficulty in respiration increases, and in most 

 cases death results in 1 to 2 weeks after diari-hea sets in, or after a 

 temporary improvement a chronic form of the disease may develop. 



For prevention immune sera, (calf -pneumonia serum, septizidin) 

 prepared from horses and cattle by injecting them with cultures of the 

 bipolar bax^illus w'ere used with varied results. According to the 

 investigations of Schirop promising results can be expected only from 

 the use of polyvalent sera (see page 85). However, he succeeded in 

 immunizing rabbits and guinea pigs with aggressins. 



On the relation of the disease, especially in its chronic form, to other pneu- 

 monias of calves see the chapter on enzootic volume II. 



Literature. Poels, Fortschr. d. Med., 1886, IV, 388.— Jensen, Monh., 1890, II, 

 1.— Lienaux, Ann. vet., 1892, 465.— Bongart?, B. t. W., 1892, 529.— Schirop, Zbl. f. 

 Bakt., 1908, XLVII, 307 (Lit.). 



Hidebound. Enteque. The disease is designated in Argentine 

 by this name, and occurs there especially along the shores of the Atlan- 

 tic Ocean in certain marshy localities, where the outbreaks cause 

 considerable annual losses. It Avas described by Monfallet, Even, and 

 particularly Lignieres who gave a careful and full description of the 

 disease. In acute cases occurring in animals from 12 to 24 months 

 old, a persistent painless diarrhea and gradual emaciation are observed 

 in spite of a good appetite, until the animals finally die of exhaustion 

 in from 3 to 4 months. In the cachectic form of the disease, which 

 occui-s mostly in animals which recover from the acute affection, the 

 course may extend over several years. In these cases the progressive 

 emaciation and anemia Mhich develop in the meantime and a marked 

 exhaustion are the most conspicuous symptoms. Normal appetite is 

 suppressed, but the animals manifest a desire to eat bones. Along the 

 neck in the jugular groove the calcified carotid may be felt in some 

 animals, while in others inflammation of the joints appears, resulting 

 in deformities. 



On autopsy in acute cases besides the general anemia and emacia^ 

 tion, sometimes a pleuritis, broncho-pneumonia or a fibrinous pneu- 



