124 Infectious Pneumonia of Goats. 



taneous vaccination with immune sera and bacterial extracts. But 

 as the simultaneous inoculation produces an immunity which lasts 

 only about 6 weeks it is advisable to vaccinate again after 4 to 6 weeks 

 with bacterial extract. The simultaneous method has proven satisfactory 

 in large flocks of lambs by checking the outbreak of the disease, and 

 in most cases affected animals recovered after this form of vaccination. 



The bacterial extracts are prepared by washing 24-hour agar cultures 

 with salt solution. They are killed with formalin and shaken for 7 days in a 

 ball-mill run by electricity. Then the formalin is abstracted from the fluid, it is 

 centrifuged and the clear fluid is utilized for the vaccination. The dose for the 

 vaccination in practice varies between 2 and 5 cc. The bacterial extract is injected 

 subcutaneously. The immune serum is used in doses varying from 5 to 18 cc. 

 The subsequent vaccination was made in one case with 4 cc. of extract. If serum 

 alone is used for the inoculation (10 to 20 cc.) it is advisable to repeat the injec- 

 tion after 4 weeks. 



The serum inoculation alone was used in five herds with good results. On 

 the other hand in the sixth herd 68 out of 171 lambs died in spite of the inocula- 

 tions. In five herds over 500 lambs were inoculated with serum and bacterial 

 extract, 364 of which received two inoculations, and all of which showed uniformly 

 favorable results. 



Literature. Friedberger, Miinch. Jahrb. 1882-1883 (Lit.). — Andum, Unters. 

 iiber den Schafrotz. Dorpat 1888.— Galtier, J. vet., 1889, 58 u. 1890, 481.— Lienaux, 

 1S96, 625.— Conte, Rev. vet., 1897, 516.— Besnoit & Cuille, ibid., 1898, 465.— Lig- 

 nieres, Bull., 1898, 797; 1900, 529 (Lit.).— Miessner & Schern, A. f. Tk., 1909, 

 XLIV, 44 (Lit.). 



Infectious pneumonia of goats. Nicolle & Refik-Bey (1896) 

 studied in Anatolia a pneumonia which caused periodically great losses 

 in the goat herds, and especially among the kids. The disease is 

 probably identical wdth the affection observed by Hutcheon & Steele 

 in South Africa, which had been introduced there in 1880 from Angora, 

 causing a loss of more than 12,000 goats. 



The clinical manifestations are those of acute pneumonia, such as 

 fever, cough, mucous nasal discharge, dullness on percussion, bronchial 

 breathing and rales over one or both sides of the thorax. Towards 

 the termination of the disease, which on the average lasts for 10 days, 

 paralysis of the extremities usually appears. Manifestations of enteri- 

 tis are as a rule absent. Three-fourths to four-fifths of the affected 

 animals succumb, while those which remain alive retain a persistent 

 cough for a long time. 



The autopsy reveals a lobular pneumonia of the lower anterior 

 parts of one or both lungs. The cut surface of the hepatized areas 

 is dry, granulated, its color violet red or reddish-gray. The adjacent 

 pleura is covered with a moist fibrinous membrane. In exceptional cases 

 the affected part of the lung becomes necrotic and may be found, 

 lying as a soft caseous mass, in a cavity formed by the thickened pleura 

 and the hepatized lung tissue. The bronchi frequently contain strongy- 

 lides in great numbers. 



Bacteria which morphologically and in their cultural character- 

 istics are identical with the bipolar bacilli may be demonstrated in 

 the lung tissue and in the nasal discharge. Intrapulmonary or intra- 

 peritoneal injections of virulent cultures, especially when mixed with 

 lactic acid, kill goats in a few days. When injected intravenously they 

 succumb in a few hours. Subcutaneous injection results in a pro- 

 tracted infection towards the end of which paralysis sets in. The 

 intratracheal infection is negative. Mice, guinea pigs, rabbits and 

 pigeons are also susceptible to the virus. In the abdominal cavity of 



