Active Inmiunizatiou in Advanced Pregnancy. 157 



Active Immunization in Advanced Pregnancy. Based on the 

 experimental observations that protective bodies formed in the maternal 

 organism are transmitted by way of the foetal circulation to the foetus, 

 and that these protective bodies will convey a specific protection against 

 a later infection to the offspring, Sande aimed to immunize calves 

 before their birth. He repeatedly injected pregnant cows sub- 

 cutaneously with sterile extracts obtained from white scours bacilli 

 (shake-extract from colon bacilli cultures?), and the calves of cows 

 treated in this manner are said to have M'ithstood the natural infection 

 in infected premises. 



Sande reports the inoculation of 215 cows with good results in that 91.6% ot 

 the calves were protected from white scours. Six per cent became affected with thb 

 disease and died, and 2.3% had diarrhea which, however, disappeared soon after the 

 administration of the herum treatment. Favorable results are also reported by 

 Fehrmann in 22 cows (only 2 calves of cows which had not been vaccinated became 

 affected), by Grajewski in 8 and by Kronacher in 16 cows (only 3 control calvea 

 became affected). Sehmitt found, however, that the vaccines for mother animals 

 which are marketed bear no relation to the bacteria of the colon and paratyphoid 

 group nor to the ovoid bipolar bacilli, and claims that this form of vaccination has 

 not proven the efficiency of the treatment. 



The vaccination of the cows is carried out by injecting under the skin of the 

 neck 10 cc. of extract 6 weeks before parturition, and ten days later 20 cc. The 

 animals stand the inoculation without any disturbance in their health. However, 

 cows should not be vaccinated in the last month of pregnancy as they may abort or 

 become fatally affected. It is dangerous also to employ fully virulent cultures. 



Literature. Obich, W. f. Tk., 1865, 101.— Roloff, Trzt., 1876, 83.— Franck, 

 D. Z. f. Tm., 1877, 376.— Hess, Landw. Jahrb. d. Schweiz, 1897.— Poels, B. t. W., 

 1901, 290.— Willerding, A. f. Tk., 1899, XXV, 93 (Lit.).— Joest, Z. f. Tm. 1903, 

 VII, 377.— Jemen, Monh. 1892, IV, 97; Hb. f. p. M. 1903, III, 761; Z. f. Tm. 

 1905, IX, 321 (Lit. on Etiology and Vaccination). — Bugge Kalberruhr u. ihre 

 Behdlg., 195.— Sehmitt, D. t. \V., 1908, 673; Z. f. Infkrkh., 1909, V, 435; 1910, VII, 

 71.— Sande, B. t. W., 1909, 261.— Titze & Weichel, Arb. d. G.-A., 1910, XXXIII, 

 516 (Lit.).— Krautstrunk, Z. f. Infkrkh., 1910, VII, 256. 



Other Colonbacilloses in Cattle. Thomassen (1897) described a 

 new septicemia in calves which causes in Holland every spring great 

 losses. The animals become affected at the age of from 4 to 5 weeks 

 and manifest fever of 40-41 °C., great debility, depressed appetite, in 

 some calves a severe dry cough, normal action of the bowels and, only 

 in very exceptional cases, diarrhea. The urine contains great quantities 

 of albumen ari"d a small amount of blood pigment as well as casts. 

 In some severe forms epileptic convulsions, opisthotonus and trismus 

 may be observed. The disease usually terminates in death in 5 to 6 

 days. The autopsy reveals small hemorrhages in the endocardium, 

 on the peritoneum, the mucous membrane of the abomasum and 

 bladder. Acute hemorrhagic swelling of the mediastinal glands, marked 

 acute swelling of the spleen and acute nephritis. 



Bacilli resembling the bac. coli communis, but more so the bacillus 

 typhi hominis were isolated from the blood, from the fluid of the 

 abdominal cavity, from the liver, kidneys and urine. Bouillon cultures 

 of these organisms when inoculated subcutaneously into calves in 

 fiuantities of 1 to 2 cc, or when fed in larger quantities, caused an 

 attack of the original disease fatal in 3 to 7 days. The cultures were 

 also pathogenic for rabbits, guinea pigs and mice. Good results were 

 obtained in treatment of some of the cases from a mixture of carbolic 

 acid (1 part), alcohol (30 parts), milk of lime (300 parts), and oil 

 menthae (3 parts). (A. P., 1907, XLVI, 542.) 



Mohler and Buckley (1902) observed in America among cows 



