Immunization. 195 



is usually between three and four liters, collected in sterilized high test tubes, and 

 stored in a dark, cool place. The serum which separates on the following day from 

 the blood clot, may be utilized for the inoculations immediately, or several days 

 later. Until its use it should be kept in a cool place. 



The serum is injected subcutaneously in doses of 40 to 100 cc, and the 

 procedure is repeated four to six times during the following days (Krueger recom- 

 mends the intravenous, Delia Noce the intratracheal injection). To the serum 

 several drops of chloroform may be added (Friis, Jensen, Nielsen), or 0.8% of 

 oxalic acid, in the proportion of 1 to 10 (Prussian army). The inoculation causes 

 in most instances only a transitory indisposition, but in one Prussian regiment, 

 among 195 horses, extensive swellings and abscess formations were also observed 

 (evidently the serum was contaminated). Eeeently various serum preparations have 

 been recommended, for the purpose of immunization, which however have not proved 

 satisfactory in practice; thus the results which were obtained by Bues with Deutsch- 

 r.ianu's yeast serum (and with polyvalent hog serum), gave absolutely negative 

 results in contagious pleuro-pneumonia. Thomann experienced similar unsatisfactory 

 results with the vaccines prepared by Lorenz from cultures of his pleomorphic 

 bacterium. The s'^me probably also applies to the serum of Willerding, prepared 

 from the cultures of a diploccocus which he isolated from the secretions of the 

 nose and eye, as Lorenz found it equivalent to his own in his laboratory experiments. 



Immunization with Killed Cultures. Vallee & Carre used a vaccine 

 prepared from killed cultures of six varieties of "Pasteurella" for the 

 ininmnizatioii of horses. The administration of this vaccine to the 

 horses of an infected stable was followed in several animals by severe 

 symptoms of depression and dullness, some became affected with the 

 typical form of contagious pleuro-pneumonia, and three of them died 

 as a result of the infection (latent infection?). 



Veterinary Police. In the German Empire compulsory 

 notification of influenza in horses was inaugurated in the year 

 of 1908. The official measures require the separation of the 

 affected and suspected animals, quarantine and disinfection of 

 the infected stables. The observation period extends over five 

 weeks. 



Literature. Falke, Die Influenza des Pferdes usw., Jena 1862. — Dieckerhoff, 



Die Pferdestaupe, Berlin, 1S82. — Siedamgrotiky, Sachs. Jhb., i; 91-1893. — Schiitz, A. 

 f. Tk., 1S87, XIIT, 27.— Hell, Z. f. Yk., 1890, 11, 97; 1892, IV, 452; 1906, XVIII, 

 159._jen?en, Monh., 1891, II, 196.— Poth, Ibid., 1891, III, 192.— Leclainche, Bev. 

 vet.. 1892, 78 (Lit.).— Lignieres, Bull., 1897, 355 u. 437; 1900, 524 (Lit.) ; Eev. gen., 

 1907, IX, 599.— Jensen & Nielsen, Maanedsskr., 1897, VIII, 401.— Sturhan, Z. f. Vk., 

 1905, XVII, 248.— Dreyer, Z. f. Vk., 1908, XX, 307.— Ostertag, Z. f. Infkr., 1909, 

 V, 180.— Pfeiler & Henipel, Ibid., 1909, VI, 28. 



Influenza in Man. In human medicine influenza represents an acute, 

 contagious, infectious disease, which at times, spreads, with extra- 

 ordinary rapidity. The symptoms consist in pain in the joints and 

 muscles, occasional muscular tremors in different parts of the body, 

 sudden and intense fever wath severe headache. There is also marked 

 debility, and a progressive acute catarrh of the air passages, conjunc- 

 tivitis, and frequently gastro-intestinal catarrh. The disease usually 

 terminates in from two to six days in recovery, however it may extend 

 to two weeks. In older, and exceptionally among younger persons, 

 severe disease processes may develop in association with catarrh of 

 the mucous membrane, such as pharyngitis, catarrhal and croupous 

 pneumonia, occasionally also pleurisy and pericarditis, as well as 

 inflammation of the middle ear. In the latter cases the course is usually 

 protracted and not rarely fatal. 



The disease, which has no association with influenza of horses, 

 is caused by the verv small influenza bacillus, which has been discov- 

 ered by Pfeiffer (Beck, Ergebn. d. allg. Atiol., 1896, I, 742). 



