234 Scarlatinuid. Rinderpest. 



in their places. The autopsj' on the animal, which died sixteen days 

 after the appearance of the disease, revealed a partial necrosis of the 

 nasal mucous membrane, fresh ulcerations on the tracheal mucous 

 membrane, and a hemorrhagic nephritis. There was also present a 

 striking inflammation of the lymph vessels, and a pronounced acute 

 congestion of the Ivmph glands of the mesentery. (Monh., 1896, VII, 

 3-46.) 



Scarlatinoid of Cattle. Hetzel observed in a li/o-year old steer 

 an alfection resembling the clinical appearance of the preceding disease 

 of the horse. The symptoms consisted in a high fever with sudden 

 onset, great depression, catarrh of the pharynx and larynx. Two to four 

 days later petechiae appeared on the nasal mucous membrane, and 

 various kinds of erythematous spots on the skin. At these places nodules 

 developed in the later course some of which disappeared, while others 

 developed into pea-sized vesicles containing clear serous fluid. Later 

 the contents of these vesicles became purulent, and fhially they turned 

 into thick scabs, the animals manifesting severe itching. Purulent con- 

 junctivitis aiid bronchitis had also developed, and diarrhea exhausted 

 the animals to a great degree. The fever subsided after a duration 

 of six to twelve days, the catarrhal symptoms became milder, and after 

 a desquamation of the scabs complete recovery took place. (A. L., 

 1903, 33.) 



10. Rinderpest. Pestis Bovina 



{Cattle plague, Typhus bouuni contagiosus, Peste bovine; Ty- 

 phus contagieux [French']; Orientalische Rinderpest 

 [German]; Peste hovilla [Italian].) 



The oriental rinderpest represents an acute febrile, con- 

 tagions, infections disease of cattle, caused by an ultra-micro- 

 scopical micro-organism, and which aside "from its typical 

 course is characterized by a croupous diphtheritic inflammation 

 of the mucous membrane. Exceptionally the disease passes 

 from cattle to other ruminants. 



History. The attention of experts has been directed to rinderpest 

 from earliest times, because of its destructive character, and the most 

 varied theorie's have been formulated regarding its nature. At times 

 the affection was considered identical with human pox (Ramazzini, Vicq 

 D'Azyr, F. Miiller), and again with typhus (Veith, Spinola) and dysen- 

 tery of man (Lorinser). Its infectious nature was recognized early, 

 and was established by successful inoculations (Dodson, 1744; Camper, 

 1770), and veterinary police measures M^ere inaugurated against the 

 spread of the disease (in Prussia in the year of 1711, in France in 

 1714). Since the beginning of the last century the belief of a spon- 

 taneous origin of the disease has been more and more abandoned, but 

 the causative agent remained unknown up to the most recent times in 

 spite of the numerous investigations conducted along this line (Semmer, 

 Gamaleia, Nencki and others), until Nicolle & Adil-Bey (1902) estab- 

 lished its filterability through porcelain filters. Deliberate experiments 

 conducted by Semmer & Raupch, more recently by Nencki and his 

 co-workers in Russia, Koch, Danysz & Bordet, Edington, Koller & 



