550 Tuberculosis. 



may be attended by groans, becomes abdominal. These s;^^np- 

 toms are most pronounced after exercise or during work. 



A physical examination of the thorax rarely reveals char- 

 acteristic changes. Vesicular respiration may be increased, 

 diminished or imperceptible. In slight affections there may be 

 dry rales, observable locally or over the entire extent of the 

 thorax, caused .by the presence of more or less viscous or fluid 

 secretions or bj- accumulations of nnicus in the In-onchial tubes. 

 The percussion sound may be normal or changed only slightly. 

 If lesions are of considerable size and located near the surface 

 the sound becomes dull in circumscribed areas, and in such 

 cases bronchial sounds may be recognized, while large con- 

 tiguous areas of dullness hardly occur. Cases where t^mipanitic 

 resonance points to the presence of large cavities are rare, 

 but an odor of decomposed bronchial secretion and necrotic lung- 

 tissue, perceived in the expired air, i)oints to this condition. 



Where auscultatiou gives unsatisfactory or negative results it is advisable to 

 exercise the animals by running them around for a time, a procedure which usually 

 produces more or less distinct rales in animals whose lungs are affected. In similar 

 cases Eoebert and Ellinger recommend closing the nasal openings with the hands 

 while auscultating. Nocard suggests the injection of 0.2 to 0.3 gm. of pilocarpine. 

 Krautstrunk suggests arecolin, 0.08 gm. Ostertag, however, observed that the 

 injection of 0.05 gm. of arecolin in a strong heifer, produced staggering, falling 

 and great dyspnoea. It should be noted here that the injection of the above sub- 

 stances may now and then produce rales in perfectly healthy animals. 



Affections of the trachea and larynx usually produce 

 catarrhal symptoms only. However, where there is suspicion 

 of tuberculosis it is safe to make a probable diagnosis of 

 laryngeal tuberculosis when ^ye find the region of the larynx 

 sensitive, the cough very painful and spasmodic and degluti- 

 tion difficult. When tuberculous tumors exist in the larynx the 

 latter may be enlarged and distinct vibration may be felt at 

 each inspiration. At the same time the respiration becomes 

 stertorous, the animals holding their heads stretched forward 

 and avoiding lateral movements, and sometimes attacks of 

 suffocation are observed. On account of the incomplete closing 

 of the glottis, particles of food may enter the trachea during 

 the act of deglutition resulting in attacks of coughing and if 

 only for this reason, the affected animals usually eat sparingly. 

 Hoiterbach noted aphonia in a case of isolated tuberculosis 

 of the larynx in a cow with good nutrition. When attempting 

 to low, the cow would only emit a faint blowing sound. Accord- 

 ing to Friedberger tul^erculosis of the respiratory organs in- 

 volves the larynx in only 0.13% of cases. 



In rare cases the nasal mucous membrane is affected. Near 

 the nostrils the mucous membrane contains firm nodules up 

 to the size of a pea which are usually yellowish in the center. 

 Ulcers may also be visible, or they may be situated higher up 

 and detected by palpation only. This condition is always at- 

 tended with a muco-purulent nasal discharge. The pharyngeal 

 glands are enlarged and contain cheesy foci (Jensen, Gutbrod). 



