616 Tuberculosis. 



terfere with the acts of deglutition, respiration or the movements of 

 the tongue (speech) (!). 



The symptoms of tuberculosis of the bones and joints are similar 

 to those observed in other birds and an affection of the internal organs 

 is manifested only by emaciation and anemia. 



The diagnosis of the disease which offers no particular difficulties 

 is definitely confirmed by demonstration of the tubercle bacilli in the 

 nodules and in the secretions of the ulcers in which they are usually 

 quite numerous. 



When the affection is localized on the skin or in the anterior por- 

 tion of the mouth cavity, it is possible, in a portion of the cases, to 

 bring about definite recovery by extirpating the swellings. Not in- 

 frequently however relapses occur and the surgical treatment must 

 be repeated. Cauterization of the ulcers is seldom followed by satis- 

 factory results. 



Canary birds are also susceptible to infection with manunalian tubercle 

 bacilli; while M. Koch & Rabinowitsch obtained positive results in two instances 

 by feeding human tubercle bacilli, Weber, Titze & Weidanz succeeded only with 

 bovine and avian bacilli in their attempts to infect canary birds per os. The first 

 named investigators succeeded also in obtaining cultures of the human type of 

 tubercle bacillus from 118 birds of different species furnished by a zoological 

 garden, from two birds of prey and from one sparrow. 



Literature. Cadiot, Gilbert & Eoger, Soc. biol., 1890. 542. — Cadiot, Bull., 

 1894. 197; 1898. 254. — Eberlein, Monh., 1894. V. 248. — M. Koch & Eabinowitsch 

 A'.-A., 1907. CXC. Beiheft (Lit.). — Weber, Titze & Weidanz, Tb.-Arb. d. G.-A., 

 1908. 9. H. (Lit.). 



(c) Etiological Relations Between Human and Animal 

 Tuberculosis. 



The practical similarity of anatomical changes produced 

 in rabbits and guinea pigs with tuberculous material ob- 

 tained from consumptive human beings or from cattle affected 

 with pearl disease in itself points to the close relationship of 

 these two diseases. The correctness of this vicAv has been 

 emphasized by the successful production of lesions very similar 

 to those of human tuberculosis by feeding tuberculous organs 

 of man to cattle, typical pearl disease having indeed thus been 

 produced (Klebs, Bollinger), and further, by the fact that 

 the feeding of tuberculous material from cattle will produce 

 tuberculosis in other animals, horses, swine, dogs, cats 

 (Chauveau, Guenther & Harms, Gerlach, Klebs, Bollinger, 

 Toussaint, Puetz, etc.). After Koch had demonstrated the 

 presence of morphologically similar bacilli in the tuberculous 

 organs of man, monkeys, cattle, horses, swine, goats, sheep 

 and fowls, as well as in rabbits and guinea pigs, and after he 

 had failed to recognize any material differences in their cultural 

 or pathogenic characteristics, the etiological identity of the 

 tuberculous affections of the various animal species was 

 generally accepted as a demonstrated fact. More recently, 

 lio\vever, the correctness of this view has been questioned from 

 several sources. 



Tuberculosis of Mammals and Fowls. The continued and 



