Transuiissibility of Human Tuberculosis. 621 



Scliuetz, have, in a general way, confirmed this assertion other- 

 wise, however they have not substantiated the claim for the 

 specific differences between the two forms of bacilli, but rather 

 that the difference in their biological characteristics was suffi- 

 cient, at most, to establish them as varieties or types of the 

 same species. 



Transmissibility of Human Tuberculosis to Cattle. As a rule 

 human tubercle bacilli are harmless for cattle or they produce local 

 lesions only. In exceptional instances, however, they may produce 

 grave and even fatal disease. 



Thus Cliauveau (1892) observed tuberculous foci in the intestinal mucous 

 membrane, in the mesenteric glands, in the pharynx and in the lungs, in three 

 cases following the alimentary administration of infected material from a human 

 lung ; Schottelius observed the development of a caseous pneumonia as well as 

 tuberculous changes in the intestines, in the mesenteric glands and on the pleura 

 after the ingestion of tuberculous sputum, while in three out of five calves sinularly 

 treated by Hamilton and McLaughlan Young, the cervical and mesenteric glands 

 were affected. Wolff observed typical pearl disease in a calf following the sub- 

 cutaneous injection of human virus, Fibiger and Jensen, general tuberculosis in two 

 calves, Hamilton and McLaughlan Young extensive tuberculous lesions in 7 out of 9 

 calves (in three the lungs also were affected and the spleen in one case) ; Stuur- 

 mann saw death follow from generalized tuberculosis in a calf 56 days after 

 injection with a culture obtained from the tuberculous wife of a peasant and Eber 

 observed the same result from miliary tuberculosis 37 days after infection. Death 

 in calves following intraperitoneal infection has been observed by Prettner as 

 occurring on the 46th day, by Eavenel on the 27th, by Orth on the 26th day; in 

 a second case reported by Prettner and in one case observed by each of Delepine, 

 Fibiger & Jensen, extensive tuberculosis of the abdominal organs was noted; in 

 one case of Eber 's there was typical pearl disease of the pleura and peritoneum 

 (Klebs and Bollinger each produced typical pearl disease in a cow before this time 

 by intraperitoneal injection of tuberculous sputum and Bollinger, in addition, pro- 

 duced the same condition in a goat by intraperitoneal injection of material from 

 a cheesy tuberculous lymph from a man). In one case each reported by Prettner 

 and DeJong and in two cases reported by Eavenel intravenous infection caused 

 death in from 17 to 37 days as a result of generalized tuberculosis. Hamilton and 

 McLaughlan Young succeeded in producing extensive tuberculous pleuro-pneumonia 

 in two calves by inhalation infection with human tuberculous material. A calf 

 infected by Stuurmann by the intrapulmonary method died on the 31st day while 

 Thomassen observed development of tuberculosis of the cervical and pectoral glands 

 and of the lungs following intraocular administration. 



The results of very extensive investigations along these lines that 

 were conducted by special commissions appointed by the governments 

 of Germany, England and Sweden afforded particular information 

 upon the biologic and pathogenic peculiarities of those forms of tubercle 

 bacilli which occur in man. 



According to investigations by Kossel, Weber & Heuss of the 

 German Imperial Board of Health two types of mammalian tubercle 

 bacilli could be obtained from the organs of tuberculous persons. These 

 types, aside from their morphological differences (see p. 504) also 

 possessed individual peculiarities with respect to this virulence in 

 rabbits and cattle, the human type, which was less virulent for rabbits, 

 did not produce progressive lesions in cattle, while the bovine type 

 exhibited a pronounced pathogenic character in both rabbits and in 

 cattle, causing generalized tuberculosis in both species of animals. 



Among 67 cases of tuberculosis in human beings the human type of bacillus 

 alone could be cultivated from 56, the bovine type alone in 9 cases and both of 

 these types in two cases. The 9 cases in which the bovine type alone could b© 



