Susceptibility of Monkeys. 625 



The susceptibility of dogs to the virus of human tuberculosis 

 was demonstrated by the experiments of Tappeiner, Weichselbaum, 

 Leudet & Petit and F. Arloing who were almost invariably successful 

 in infecting dogs by the alimentary administration, and occasionally 

 also by inhalation of sputum or pure cultures of human bacilli. On 

 the other hand Titze & Weidanz found that dogs generally had a 

 considerable resistance toward infection with any kind of tuberculous 

 material, but that this could be overcome by administering excessive 

 doses of both types of the bacilli. Th. Smith obtained cultures from 

 three cats that agreed morphologically in every respect with bovine 

 bacilli, but only one of them was moderately virulent for cattle. 



Susceptibility of Monkeys to the Virus of Bovine Tuberculosis. 



Experiments relative to this question, so important because the results 

 permit conclusions in regard to the susceptibility of man, have been 

 rather uniform and almost entirely positive in their results. Years 

 ago Imbach successfully infected monkeys by feeding milk from tuber- 

 culous cattle. Of the more recent investigations, besides those of 

 Gruenbaum, Salmon, DeJong, Cipollino and others, the following in 

 particular are worthy of mention : In two series of experiments Nocard 

 fed four monkeys with bovine bacilli and two with human bacilli ; all 

 of the six animals became affected with a severe form of generalized 

 tuberculosis, but the infections with bovine bacilli produced a more 

 rapid development of disease (Schweinitz & Schroeder observed a 

 similar difference in the pathogenic action of the two types of bacilli). 

 Gratia fed four apes with the organs of tuberculous cattle, four more 

 received the tuberculous organs of guinea pigs infected with bovine 

 tuberculosis, two were fed on organs from similarly infected monkeys 

 and three were fed with milk from cows with tuberculous udders; 

 of these 13 monkeys 12 died from generalized tuberculosis while one 

 (from the first group) only contracted an intestinal catarrh. In 

 MacFadyean's experiments five monkeys that were fed on organs from 

 tuberculous human beings died between the 33d and 65th days, three 

 others that had been fed on sputum died between the 30th and the 

 65th days (all from tuberculosis) while the feeding of infected material 

 from tuberculous cows resulted in death from generalized tuberculosis 

 in a similar or in a still shorter period of time. Dungern & Smith 

 inoculated three gibbons with human, six with bovine cultures (each 

 0.01 gm.) and another lot of three received repeated decigram doses 

 of cultures of both types; all of these animals became ill with the 

 only difference that those receiving the bovine virus had intestinal 

 ulcers and caseous mesenteric glands, while those receiving the human 

 virus had a solitary caseous focus in one lung and caseation of the 

 corresponding bronchial gland. The British Commission tested the 

 virulence of bovine bacilli on over one hundred monkeys and all animals, 

 whether they received subcutaneous or intravenous injections, or were 

 fed upon cultures (in some instances only 0.001 gm.) contracted severe 

 generalized tuberculosis. Experiments with anthropoid apes (chim- 

 panzees) _ also gave positive results and Eastwood is of the opinion 

 that their susceptibility to infection with tuberculosis is materially 

 greater than that of cattle. RabinoAvitsch found on examination of 

 33 monkeys, most of them affected with human tuberculosis, while only 

 a relatively small number (3) had bovine bacilli in the lesions. In 

 one case both forms were associated (one an avian culture) and in 

 a few other cases there were transition forms of bacilli. Kraus & 



Vol. 1—40 



