Pseudotuberculosis of Sheep. (337 



Immunization. Carre reports very favorable results following the 

 treatment of young lambs in a l)adly infected herd, as follows : Two 

 vaccines were used, one of which produced only local edema in guinea 

 pigs, the other occasional suppuration only, while in sheep no morbid 

 changes Avhatever followed its administration (the manner of prepara- 

 tion was not indicated). As to results: In herds where the losses 

 of lambs had formerly reached 70%, the treatment of 318 lambs was 

 followed by abscess formation only in 5. 



Literature. Preisz & Gninard, J. Yet., 1891. .563. — Zeeb, Z. f. Flhvg., 1893. 

 XIII. 117. — Turski, Z. f. Flhyg., 1897. VII. 178. — Cherry & Bull, The Vet., 

 1899. 523.— Norgaard & Mohler, 'An. Ind., 1899. 638. — Sivori, Bee, 1899. 6.57. 

 — Bridre, Bull., 1905. 358. — Carre & Bigoteau, Eev. gen., Ibid. 369. u. 433 

 (Lit.). — Noack, Diss., Bern 1908 (Lit.). — Gliisser, A. f. Tk., 1909. XXV. 471 

 (Lit.). — Carre, Eev. gen., 1910. XV. 65. 



Mai rouge. Carre & Bigoteau made a bacteriological study of 

 a disease of sheep that had been described in 1876 by Teissier, and 

 since then by several French authors, especially Delafond, and 

 generally classed with anthrax. The disease, known in the infested 

 regions as pourriture aigue. mal de Sologne, mal rouge, eaux rousses, 

 jaunisse, etc., is prevalent in southern France and causes losses that 

 may reach 10% in infected flocks. 



The symptoms consist of dullness, paleness of the mucous mem- 

 branes, muco-serous, and later bloody, nasal discharge, increased thirst, 

 bloody diarrhea and hematuria. Toward the termination of the disease 

 there is edematous swelling of the intramuscular region and of the 

 extremities. The disease terminates fatally after 2 or 3 or, sometimes, 

 after from 8 to 15 days. Occasionally death occurs quite suddenly. 



At post-mortem examination we find hemorrhagic and serous edema 

 in the subcutis and mesentery, excessive hyperemia of the memln-anes 

 of the stomach and intestines, marked acute swelling of the spleen 

 and lymph glands, dark red, almost black discoloration of the kidneys, 

 hemoglobin in the urine of the bladder and finally there are usually 

 large masses of bloody fluid in the serous body cavities. The disease 

 may be differentiated from anthrax by the paleness of the muscles, the 

 comparative emptiness of the small blood vessels, the pale color and 

 the coagulated condition of the blood and finally the negative results 

 of experimental inoculations. 



IMicroorganisms can be demonstrated in the body fluids by means 

 of bacteriological examination, although in somewhat protracted cases 

 small abscesses may be found in the pharyngeal and retropharyngeal 

 lymph glands. These contain the pseudotuberculosis bacillus of Preisz 

 and Nocard which may be obtained from them in pure culture. Carre 

 & Bigoteau are inclined to regard the disease as an intoxication caused 

 by the toxic products of metabolism of the bacilli in question. 



In animals of considerable power of resistance the bacillar toxins 

 found in the lymph glands are supposed to produce a chronic intoxica- 

 tion resulting in the familiar clinical condition known as cachexia 

 aquosa, and it is further assumed that the weakened condition, the 

 anemia and hydremia observed in any distomatosis is not caused 

 by distoma but rather by bacterial toxins (?). According to this 

 view cachexia aquosa is merely a chronic form of the above disease. 



Finally Carre is of the opinion that many cases of colic in horses, especially 

 that form described as congestion intestinale by French authors, which is char- 



