680 Glanders. 



inoculation of laboratory animals, mallein in particular had attained 

 considerable importance. Helman in St. Petersburg and Kalning in 

 Dorpat produced this in 1890 independently of each other, both 

 recognizing its diagnostic value. In more recent times MacFadyean, 

 Jensen, Schuetz & Miessner, Schnuerer and others added the agglutina- 

 tion test while Schuetz & Schubert as well as Miessner & Trapp enriched 

 our diagnostic methods by the complement fixation test. 



On the other hand the view concerning the exact manner in which 

 infection actually takes place, as w^ell as those bearing upon the patho- 

 genesis of the disease have been directed into more correct channels 

 by the investigations of Nocard, Schuetz, Riegler and Hutyra. 



Occurrence. Glanders is at this time still quite prevalent 

 among Solidnngiila. In former times the disease was exten- 

 sively prevalent everywdiere, independent of climatic or soil con- 

 ditions, and was the canse of enormous losses. Thus, for ex- 

 ample, 5.1% of all horses in the French army w^ere destroye<l on 

 account of glanders every year from 1835 to 1845. In the Hun- 

 garian Stud Mezohegyes about 20,000 horses were killed on 

 account of glanders in the first half of the 18tli century. In 

 recent times, how^ever, conditions have much improved in those 

 states and countries in wdiicli proper measures for protection and 

 extermination are rigidly enforced. 



Since the introduction of mallein as a diagnostic agent it 

 has been found that the disease spreads much faster in large 

 stables than was formerly suspected wdien only manifest or 

 clinical cases of the disease were taken into consideration. At 

 the same time the fact w^as recognized that the disease fre- 

 quently confines itself to the internal organs, in which form it 

 not infrequently terminates in recovery. 



Statistical records, especially those of former years, usually include 

 manifest clinical cases only. 



According to Krabbe's compilations for 1857 to 1873 the number 

 of glandered horses per 100,000 was as follows: Norway 6, Denmark 

 8.5, Great Britain 14, Wlirttemberg 77, Prussia 78, Servia 95, Belgium 

 138, France 1130, Algiers 1548, annually. 



In Germany a considerable decrease in the number of cases reported has 

 been noted in recent years. Thus, for instance, while in 1890, 1,417 cases occurred 

 in 35.') parishes of 267 districts, the number had decreased by 1908 to 418 cases 

 in 141 parishes of 96 districts. 



In France the disease was formerly widely prevalent. Since 1900, however, 

 the number of cases has been reduced from 1,36.5 in that year to 398 in 1908 (in 

 the Department of the Seine the number was reduced from 1512 in 1895 to 179 in 

 1903. In 1895 the disease was so prevalent in the Compagnie generale des voitures 

 of Paris that 586 out of 1,200 horses had to be destroyed on account of it, and in 

 the following two years 607 more had to be killed (Blanc & Drouin; see also 

 mallein test). 



In Great Britain the number of cases increased from 1,385 in 1898 to 2,443 in 

 1903, in addition to which 77 glandered English horses were reported from the 

 abattoirs of Belgium. In 1901 there were 2,370 cases, of which 1,828 were reported 

 from London, 67% of the latter coming from permanently infected stables (Hunt- 

 ing). In 1908 there were 789 outbreaks of the disease, of which 495 were m 

 London and 198 in the Metropolitan counties; 2,433 horses were killed on account 

 of the disease. 



