Symptoms. 697 



correspond to actual facts, because those investigators and authors did not recog- 

 nize the initial stages of the disease in the internal organs. But in spite of this, 

 the immense frequency of pulmonary glanders has always been recognized, the 

 observations made in this respect since the general use of mallein, only making it 

 more evident, while disease of the nose and skin is less frequently observed. 



Thus, according to Eoell, of 173 glandered horses dissected from 1869 to 1878 

 in Vienna, 14.5 (8-4%) were affected with pulmonary glanders; of 216 glandered 

 horses dissected at the veterinary school at Berlin only 10 failed to show lesions 

 of pulmonary affection, in four cases it was present exclusively in the lungs and 

 the nose was free in 32 instances. On the other hand, among 274 horses destroyed 

 in Budapest in 1896, mostly on the basis of mallein reaction, 2.56 were affected 

 with pulmonary glanders exclusively, 3 with nasal glanders exclusively, 12 with 

 both pulmonary and nasal glanders, while 3 of the latter showed cutaneous lesions 

 also. — According to Bagge's Danish statistics there were 1,336 cases of glanders 

 and 167 of cutaneous glanders or farcy. — Nocard observed affection of the lymph 

 glands of the cecum, the testes and the right kidney in one case in which all other 

 organs were free. 



Symptoms. The duration of incubation depends to a great 

 extent on the manner and on the intensity of the infection. 

 Following experimental infection from the skin or nasal mucous 

 membrane, an elevation of temperature begins as early as the 

 second day and local changes may be observed after from three 

 to five days. The alimentary administration of small quantities 

 of cultures is followed in three or four days by elevation of 

 temperature, and in some instances swelling of the submaxillary 

 glands and serous nasal discharge may be observed on the 

 eighth day. After natural infection, however, several weeks 

 and sometimes months may elapse before evident external 

 symptoms (except elevation of temperature) manifest them- 

 selves. (In this sense Dieckerhoff assumes the period of incu- 

 bation to be at least two weeks.) 



From remote times it has been customary to distinguish 

 pulmonary, nasal and cutaneous glanders. For practical pur- 

 poses this classification may still be retained, provided it is 

 always borne in mind that these forms merge into each other 

 and that any or all of them may be present at the same time. 

 However, this affection usually begins in the lungs, while disease 

 of the nose as well as of the skin is usually secondary in nature. 



Pulmonary glanders usually develops very insidiously 

 (latent or occult glanders). Months may elapse before a horse 

 that is affected with pulmonary glanders begins to show the 

 first observable symptoms of lung trouble and these may be so 

 little characteristic that they will for a long time excite no 

 suspicion of the glanderous nature of the trouble ; in the mean- 

 lime the horse in question may have been the medium through 

 which many others have become infected. In some cases atten- 

 tion is attracted to the animal's condition by sudden bleeding 

 at the nose as the first symptoms of a destructive pulmonary 

 process (Greve) or the animals may discharge bloody mucus 

 in the act of coughing (Delamotte). However, the first symp- 

 toms (which in fact point to nothing specific except a chronic 

 pulmonary disease) are generally manifested in a *' run-down 

 condition" and a dull, dry asthenic cough. This condition 



