Diagnosis. 705 



in some of the animals, in other words, in stables that are known 

 to be infected, mere temporary elevation of temperature in 

 otherwise apparently healthy animals is in itself sufficient 

 evidence upon which to base suspicion, especially when a tem- 

 porary nasal discharge and slight swelling of the submaxillary 

 glands has been noted and when the elevations of temperature 

 recur. 



Any nasal discharge of some duration, especially when it 

 is unilateral and possesses the characteristics described above, 

 and any chronic swelling of the submaxillary glands should 

 direct suspicion to glanders. These symptoms are, however, 

 not characteristic either alone or collectively, because similar 

 symptoms are occasionally observed in simple nasal catarrh 

 and especially in catarrh of the antrum of Highmore and of 

 the giittural pouches. The above-mentioned symptoms may, 

 however, be present for a long time without apparent change, 

 especially when the patients are kept at rest and otherwise 

 under favorable conditions of feeding. The nasal catarrh and 

 even the swollen lymph glands may then subside to some extent 

 and the ulcers undergo healing (cicatrization in the nasal 

 mucous membrane!). 



The absence of a pronounced acute character of the in- 

 flammatory changes and the torpid character of the ulcers point 

 to the glanderous nature of skin lesions while any edematous 

 swelling, nodular enlargement or ulceration on any part of 

 the body, especially the ventral surface of the abdomen, on 

 the sheath, the udder and the extremities, if not accountable 

 for in some other manner must be regarded with suspicion. 



The recognition of pulmonary glanders is attended with 

 the greatest difficulties. For months symptoms of chronic lung 

 affection may persist without any specific character whatever, 

 such as occasional weak, dull cough, rapid exhaustion during 

 work, poor condition, rough hair coat, now and then moderate 

 fever, etc. These are the symptoms of heaves in general, and 

 may therefore be brought on by other causes, since, however, 

 they may have a glanderous origin as well it is always advisable, 

 where the least opportunity for exposure has existed, to look 

 upon such an animal at least with suspicion. 



The difficulties that often present themselves in the recogni- 

 tion of glanders may be overcome by recourse to special methods 

 of diagnosis. 



Extirpation of the Submaxillary Tumor. The operation is usually 

 performed easily on the standing animal and may be of service in those 

 eases where no other symptoms exist than swelling and nasal discharge. 

 In case the tumor is glanderous, small cheesy foci surrounded by a 

 reddened area will be found in the tough, white, frequently lardaceous 

 connective tissue. (According to Bistroumow immersion in 5% carbolic 

 acid solution brings out the foci more prominently above the surface 

 of the section.) The presence of these lesions makes the diagnosis 

 of glanders very probable, and the authors have confirmed this in 



Vol. 1—45 



