Diagnostic Animal Inoculations. 707 



and may produce septicemia. (Aruch & Savarese obtained positive 

 results from the inoculation of aspirated pulmonary secretions). A 

 negative result from such an inoculation does not, however, justify 

 the exclusion of glanders because virulent bacilli are frequently absent 

 in true glanderous lesions or secretions, and because, on the other hand, 

 foreign bacteria, e. g., pus cocci may prevent the pathogenic action 

 of the glanders bacilli by stimulating phagocytosis (Panisset). Aside 

 from the solidungula experiment animals best adapted for this pur- 

 pose are, above all others, guinea pigs, after which come the cat and 

 the dog. 



Of the solidungula the ass is the most suitable animal, although horses and 

 mules may also be used. The application of glanderous material to the nasal 

 mucous membrane or its subcutaneous administration is usually followed by the 

 development of acute glanders in three or four daj's and terminates fatally in 

 about 10 to 14 days. It may be recognized with certainty long before its fatal 

 termination by the characteristic symptoms (nasal glanders follows also the sub- 

 cutaneous administration of the virus). Unfortunately the expense attending the 

 use of these animals for experimental or diagnostic purposes makes this method 

 impracticable. 



The inoculation of guinea pigs with glanderous material is also followed by 

 the development of characteristic lesions of disease. If the material was applied 

 subeutaneously (Trasbot, Loeffler), a swelling develops at the point of inoculation, 

 followed by an ulcer with thick borders and purulent base and subsequently by sup- 

 puration of the regional lymph glands. — After intraperitoneal injection (Strauss) 

 in males the testes begin to swell in from 2 to 4 days, though exceptionally not 

 until the 12th day, becoming hot and painful ; subsequently they rupture and dis- 

 charge pus that contains large numbers of bacilli; at the same time the animals 

 emaciate and usually die in about two weeks after inoculation. In some instances 

 nasal glanders also develops (sneezing, wheeying respiration, nasal discharge) and 

 one or more joints or extremities may become swollen. The animals may be killed 

 upon the appearance of the ulcers or of the swelling of the tes-tes or lymph glands; 

 at post-mortem examination purulent exudate is formed between the tunics of the 

 testes, small white points like needle pricks or somewhat larger may be found in 

 the spleen, liver, testes, lymph glands, etc., and in these the bacilli of glanders can 

 usually be demonstrated in large numbers, either microscopically or by cultural 

 means. (Lienaux observed that periorchitis occasionally did not develop until after 

 the 12th day, while Cadeac & Malet observed in exceptional cases a chronic affec- 

 tion following intraperitoneal injection of the virus, which persisted for 2 to 4 

 months; post-mortem examination revealed dry, cheesy foci in the internal organs, 

 and the nasal mucous membrane contained deep and extensive ulcers. According to 

 these authors, inoculation glanders in guinea pigs may, in exceptional cases, ter- 

 minate in recovery). 



The subsequent bacteriological examination of the exudate of the testes and 

 of the metastatic foci of the internal organs must not be neglected for the reason 

 that orchitis occurs also after inoculation of other bacteria. Nocard demonstrated 

 this to be the ease with the bacillus of ulcerous lymphangioitis of horses (see 

 p. 731), Preisz in regard to the bacillus of pseudotuberculosis in sheep (see p. 

 633), Kutcher with regard to a bacillus found with the bacillus of glanders in 

 a guinea pig that had been inoculated with the nasal secretion of a horse (see 

 p. 632) ; these bacilli, however, in contrast to glanders bacilli stain according to 

 Gram. According to Baruchello the Bac. Pyocyaneus may in guinea pigs occasion- 

 ally be the cause of periorchitis, although this is not followed by ulceration of 

 the swelling. Nicolas demonstrated an oval bacillus in a periorchitis following 

 intraperitoneal injection of a guinea pig, with nasal secretion from a horse, and 

 observed nodules resembling those of glanders in the internal organs. Finally, 

 Lignieres produced an exudative periorchitis in guinea pigs with the aetino-bacillus 

 Ba.sset obtaine<l the same result with a small Gram negative bacillus obtained 

 in culture from a rabbit affected with j^seutlotuberculosis, C'agnet with a bac- 

 terium obtained from pus foci in the abdominal organs of a guinea pig, Pan- 

 isset & Loiseau with the bacillus of human diphtheria, and Joly, Basset and 

 Panisset with tubercle bacilli. 



According to the observations of Eussian experimentalists (Lisicyn, Malzew, 

 Sacharow, etc.) cats are specially adapted for diagnostic inoculations. In animals 

 that have been inoculated subeutaneously the temperature rises to 40° -42. .5° C. 

 beginning with the 2nd or 3rd day and remains at this height; at the point of 



