754 Piroplasniosis of Cattle. 



Theiler as marginal points. These authors, as well as Ivnnth, Spriug- 

 i'eldt and Sproiill are inclined to consider them as special blood para- 

 sites, while Dschunkowsky & Luhs consider them as piroplasma spores 

 and are of the opinion that they produce the chronic form of tropical 

 piroplasniosis. Theiler named them recently anaplasma marginale, 

 as they consist only of chromatin substance, and he proved that after 

 inoculation with blood which contained such bodies, they appeared in 

 the blood of the inoculated animals, sometimes also causing severe febrile 

 affections. According to his most recent experience he considers these 

 parasites as the cause of the so-called gall sickness w^iich is prevalent 

 in Africa (see p. 783). 



Literature on piroplasnias and piroplasniosis in general: Liihe, Hb. d. Troj)- 

 enkrkh., 1906. III. 193. — Hennig, ibid., page 744. — Schilling, Hb. d. p. M., 

 Erganzb., 1906. 75. — Panisset, Eev. gen., 1906. YII. 11.3. — Kaestner, D. tier- 

 pathog. Proto7oen, Berlin, 1906; Ergeb. d. allg. Path., 1907. XI 1. 496 (all with lit- 

 erature). — Eiokniann, Tierz. u. Tierkrkh in. D. Siidwestafrika. Berlin 1908. — 

 Doflein, Protozoenkunde. 1909. 653. — Knuth, Z. f. Infkr., 1910. A^II. 141 (more 

 recent literature). — Theiler, Bull. Soc. Path, exot., 1910. III. 135. 



(a) Piroplasniosis of Cattle. Piroplasniosis Bourn. 



{Texas fever, Redwater, Blachivater, Tick fever, Southern 



cattle fever, Haemoglohinuria s. Babesiosis bourn, Haenio- 



globinaemia enzootica, Malaria bourn; Piroplasmose 



der Binder [German]; Piroplasmose du boeuf 



Mai de brou, Mai de bois [French]; 



Ematinuria, Piscia sangue [Italian]; 



Tristezza [Spanish].) 



This febrile infectious disease, which is usually observed 

 in enzootic extension and in the course of which hemoglolnn 

 appears in the urine as a result of the breaking down of red 

 blood corpuscles, is caused by the piroplasma bigeminum, which 

 is in various localities inoculated into the bodies of cattle by 

 various kinds of ticks. 



History. The disease was first studied bacteriologically in Roumania 

 by Babes (1888), who considered as its cause a bacterium which usually 

 was present in the red blood corpuscles (Haematococcus bovis) ; he has 

 also proved that the disease may be transmitted with the blood and 

 kidney substance from affected cattle to healthy animals. Shortly 

 after "him (1889), Th. Smith, later in association with Kilborne, estab- 

 lished for the Texas fever which is prevalent in North America, the 

 fact that the parasite represents a hemosporidium, and that the disease, 

 as already claimed by Reverleyin 1881, is spread by a tick, the Boophilus 

 bovis, in such a manner that the tick inoculates blood containing the 

 parasites from affected animals into the bodies of healthy cattle. 



The publications which have followed each other rapidly since that 

 time, have established the occurrence of a disease which is identical with 

 Texas fever, or at least very closely related to it, in many different locali- 

 ties. Thus Krogius & Hellen estaMished it in Finland, Krageriid in Nor- 

 way, Celli & Santori in Italy, Nicolle & Adil-Bey in Turkey, Jackschath 

 and Zieman in Germany, Lignieres in France, Gasille and de Jong in 



