Treatment, Prevention. ygg 



Prevention. This consists in keeping non-immnne animals 

 from infected pastures especially in the warmer periods when 

 ticks are numerous. Solipeds from countries free from piro- 

 plasma should be imported only while young, and during the 

 winter. 



Immunization. Based on the experiences on immunization against 

 piroplasmosis of cattle with infectious blood of calves, Theiler recom- 

 mends the immunization of horses with 1 cc. of blood of artificially in- 

 fected donkey colts, from the fourth generation upwards. Horses thus 

 inoculated remain healthy. Pregnant mares and run-down animals 

 shoukl not be inoculated. The inoculation was also well borne by horses, 

 innlcs and donkeys imported from Argentine. 



Literature. Guglielmi, Clin, vet., 1899. 220. — Theiler, Schw. A., 1901. 

 XLIII. 233; D. Z. f. Tm., 1904. YIII. 382; J. of comp. Path., 1905. XVIII. 229: 

 1906. XIX. 283; Eep. of the Gov. Bact., 1905/06-1907/08. — Laveran, Soc. biol., 

 1901. 385. — Eickmann, B. t. W., 1902. 4. — Eoger, Bull., 1906. 120. — Baroni, 

 Clin, vet., 1906. 1033. — Perrucei, ibid., 1907. 159. — - Stazzi, ibid., 1907. 46. — 

 Axe, Comp. Path., 1906. XIX. 222. — Williams, ibid., 1907, XX. 23. — Lafargiie, 

 Lnssaiilt & Savary, Eev. gen., 1908. XII. 489. — Marzinowski, Z. f. Hyg., 1909. 

 LXII. 417. — Marzinowski & Bielitzer, ibid., 1909. LXIII. 17. — Michin & 

 Yakimoff, Z. f. Infkr., 1909. VI. 265. — Frei, ibid., 1910. VII. 105. — Bielitzer, 

 ibid., 214. 



(d) Piroplasmosis of Sheep. Piroplasmosis ovum. 



i^Iaiarial catarrhal fever; Haemoglobinuria s. Ictero-IIaema- 

 hiria ovum; Babesiosis ovum; Carceag, Roumanian.) 



History. In Roumania a disease occurs among sheep, known as 

 "Carceag," which was first o])served by Mazureano (1884), and in 

 which Babes (1892) found similar bodies in the red blood corpuscles 

 to those occurring in the infectious hemoglobinuria of cattle. He also 

 succeeded in infecting healthy animals with pulp of the spleen from 

 affected animals. Since then the disease has been found by Bonome in 

 northern Italy, Leblanc & Savigne in France, Dschunkowsky & Luhs 

 in Trans-Caucasia, Laveran & Nicolle in the vicinity of Constantinople, 

 Ziemann in Venezuela and the "West Indies, Eggebrecht in China, and 

 Paschen believes that it occurs also in Germany. Its etiology was studied 

 in detail by Motas in Roumania. 



Occurrence. The disease is distributed in Roumania in the 

 flats of the Danube and especially in the islands of the Danube 

 which are frequently exposed to inundations, to such an extent 

 that in some years "up to 20% of the sheep die. It is observed 

 in infected localities almost exclusively during the warmer 

 season, especially in the low, s^vampy pastures, more rarely in 

 mountainous pastures. Native sheep are considerably more 

 resistant than animals brought from territories free from the 

 affection, which succumb in great numbers under conditions 

 favorable for infection. 



Etiology. The piroplasma ovis (Babesia ovis is similar to 

 the piroplasma bigeminum, only somewhat smaller, 1-1.8 a^) 

 is usuallv found in the red blood cells, singly or more rarely in 



