Treatment, Prevention. gl], 



atoxyl has been used successfully for several years). Ziemann 

 mentions that atoxyl acts favorably in horses in chronic cases, 

 while Schilling recently warmly recommends arsenophenylglycin 

 (dose for horses: 0.05 gm. per kg. body weight) (see also the 

 treatment of surra on p. 814). 



Bruce foinul tJiat affected horses and donkeys treated with arseuical prepara- 

 tions 'lived longer than those which wfere not treated, and Laveran & Mesnif also 

 obtained favorable action from arsenious acid in experiments on animals artificially 

 infected with nagana trypanosomes (rats, mice and dogs). According to Bruce & 

 Theiler, also Schilling, the arsenical treatment is useless in nagana of cattle. 



Thiroux & Teppaz recently reported lasting recoveries with auripigment and 

 atoxyl, in the closely related trypanosomiasis of horses in Senegambia (Tryp. 

 dimorphon, Ca7alboui and Pecaudi). The treatment consisted either in the admin- 

 istration per OS of 7-12 doses auripigment of 20-30 gm. each at 3 days' intervals, 

 or alternating with atoxyl at 2 days' intervals (12-25 gm, auripigment per os; 5 gm. 

 of a 1% atoxyl solution subcutaneously). 



According to Diesing the serum of hyper-immunized donkeys is supposed to 

 improve the general condition of artificially infected horses and cattle, inasmuch 

 as the number of blood parasites considerably diminishes after each injection. 



Prevention. In addition to general prophylactic measures 

 (see p. 804), attempts are made in infected localities to protect 

 the animals from the infection by keeping the flies away from 

 the animals by smoke and also by inunctions with disagreeably 

 smelling salves or oils (creolin, petroleum, also stomach and 

 intestinal contents of ruminants, etc.). Limiting pasturing to 

 the night-time also reduces the chance of infection. (In Uganda 

 it Avas found that citronella grass keeps the dangerous flies 

 away.) 



Literature. Bruce, Further rep. on the Tsetse-fly disease or nagana, London 

 1897. — Theiler, Schw. A., 1901. XLIII. 97. — Schilling, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1902, XXXT. 

 452. — Laveran & Mesnil, A. P., 1902, XVL 1 u. 785 (Lit.). — Kooh, D. m. W., 

 1905. 1865. — Sauerbeck, Z. f. Hvg., 1905. LI. 31. — Schilling, A. f. Schiffs- u. 

 Trophyg., 1909. Xr. 1. — Battaglia, Cbl. f. Bakt., 1910. LIII. 113 (Lit.). — See 

 also the general Lit. on page 805. 



(b) Surra. 



History. Griffith Evans found in 1880 in the territory of Punjab, 

 in the blood of horses, mules and camels affected with the disease known 

 there under the name of surra (^=spoiled), a flagellated parasite, the 

 etiological importance of which he immediately succeeded in establishing 

 by successful inoculation experiments. Several years later the parasite 

 Avas recognized as a trypanosome. English physicians and veterinarians, 

 especially Lingard have studied the disease in detail. Rogers was the 

 first to discover the agency of the insects as transmitters of the virus. 



Occurrence. The disease occurs in eastern and western 

 India, also in the adjoining Chinese territories. It has also 

 been established on the coast of Persia, on the Mauritian, 

 Malayan and Philippine Islands, and in Java and Sumatra 

 (it appears that it has only recently been introduced to these 

 islands). It exists everywhere in marshy localities, especially 

 during the warm season, and causes great losses among solipeds 



