346 Anemia. 



affection results wath relative frequency in cattle kept near 

 alcohol distilleries or sugar refineries (Jost, Hildebrandt, 

 Arloing), where the principal food consists of the very watery 

 (up to 95%) slops, beet shavings or the syrup-like fluid remain- 

 ing after the refining of the sugar. The affection attacks 

 preferably working oxen, which must utilize a part of the other- 

 wise insufficient nutritive substances for the execution of their 

 work; also because they have less opportunity after satiating 

 themselves with food substances abounding in water, to partake 

 of additional solid fodder (Roloff). Horses, sheep and goats 

 become affected from the same cause much more rarely. In 

 this form of anemia toxic substances and acids which form 

 during the storing of these foods apparently have an accessory 

 action. (Arloing attributes the development of the disease 

 exclusively to the action of these substances.) Werner observed 

 anemia and hydremia in hogs in connection with the feeding 

 of watery food. 



The anemia of sheep and cattle previously mentioned is considered by various 

 authors as an independent affection under the name of chlorosis of sheep, or as 

 hydremia of cattle. This does not appear well founded on account of the fact that 

 these conditions are differentiated from the other forms of anemia only by special 

 etiological factors, the pathological changes corresponding with those of other 

 forms. 



The investigations of Carre & Bigoteau appear to show that the chronic 

 intoxication of sheep produced by the bacillus pseudo-tuberculosis ovis (Preisz) 

 may result in a hydremic condition of sheep. 



The keeping of animals in poorly ventilated places as well 

 as lack of exercise, may in itself produce anemia, as is some- 

 times observed in fattening hogs, in milch cows, house dogs, etc. 



Anemia may develop as a regular sjTiiptom in chronic 

 affections with disturbances of appetite or of digestion, or in 

 affections with great loss of proteids (long lasting suppuration, 

 albuminuria, persistent diarrhea, effusion of copious transudate, 

 exudate, helminthiasis, etc.), or in increased splitting up of 

 proteids (fever, action of bacterial toxins in various chronic 

 infectious diseases, mineral poisons, malignant tumors). 



Blood parasites may be mentioned as another cause of 

 anemia (piroplasma, trypanosomes, Filaria immitis). 



The anemia of sucking pigs and young hogs, which has been ob- 

 served by Braasch in Schleswig-Holstein and which caused great losses 

 in some locahties, is not yet sufficiently cleared up. This very severe 

 anemia which appears already in the first weeks of life, may be the 

 result of an unnatural keeping of the breeding hogs, but the action 

 of an infectious substance (bacillus pyogenes) cannot be excluded with 

 certainty. 



Guittard reported on a disease in chicks which appeared in some 

 localities of France as an infectious anemia with symptoms of severe 

 anemia and weakness, developing soon after hatching, and resulting 

 in death in a few days. 



The occurrence of chlorosis in animals is not yet proven. In human medicine 

 a disease is designated by this name, which usually occurs during the period of 



