348 Anemia. 



Corresponding to the intensity of the affection the blood 

 appears lighter, its hemoglobin content diminished (in the 

 determination with Fleischl's or Gower's hemoglobinometer 

 under TO"", in very severe cases even between 30-40°). The 

 number of red blood corpuscles is diminished and may fall to 

 3,000,000 to 2,000,000 per cubic millimeter. Besides in severe 

 cases the red ])lood corpuscles may show a poikilocytosis ; that 

 is they are smaller or larger, angular, elongated, supplied with 

 projections, club or biscuit-shaped. Not infrequently, especially 

 in an anemia which has developed rapidly nucleated red blood 

 corpuscles may be found (erythroblasts) in suitably stained 

 preparations (with hemotoxylin-eosin), further in some of the 

 red blood corpuscles basophilic granules, the remains of broken- 

 down nuclei of the erythroblasts are observed. The number of 

 white blood corpuscles is, as a rule, increased on account of the 

 increase of polynuclear leucocytes (in one of the authors' cases 

 180,000 white blood corpuscles could be counted per cubic milli- 

 meter of blood). Through these, also as a result of the diminu- 

 tion of the red blood corpuscles, the numerical relation of the two 

 becomes much closer (in one case of anemia caused by the 

 Filaria immitis, the authors observed the relation of red blood 

 corpuscles to the white as 18:1), so that the examination of 

 unstained blood preparations may cause confusion with 

 leukemia. 



As the clinical methods of blood examination give only relative values of 

 a certain volume, the degree of anemia cannot always be established from the 

 number of red blood corpuscles or from the hemoglobin content, especially sO 

 since the proportional values may be normal in spite of the present anemia, for 

 instance in the oligemia which occurs exceptionally without qualitative changes of 

 the constituents of blood, as well as in all those cases of anemia in which the 

 animal lost either too much water or had not taken any water, and in which 

 a thickening of the blood resulted in consequence (Wetzl). 



After a time edematous swellings appear on different parts 

 of the body, on the lower abdomen, lower chest, in the sub- 

 maxillary space, at the lower part of the extremities, being not 

 sharply circumscribed, but flat swellings of doughy consistence. 

 The eyelids may show a pad-like swelling and an effusion may 

 take place into the body cavities. The edematous swellings 

 are especially extensive and prominent after feeding very 

 watery food stuff's, thus in anemias of cattle in sugar factories 

 the swelling may increase to such an extent that it renders the 

 movement of the animal entirely impossible. In this stage of 

 the disease the animals are usually affected with diarrhea, by 

 which they are weakened still more, finally they are unable to 

 stand up and succumb. 



Jost, Hildebrandt and Moussu have described other peculiar mani- 

 festations in hj'dremia of cattle in sugar factories. Sometimes the 

 affected animals suddenly collapse during walking, others die after a 

 sickness lasting but a few days in the course of a few hours as if struck 

 by apoplexy. Some are entirely incapable of passing feces as a result 



