984 Hyperemia of the Kidneys. 



Chronic uremia develops exclusively in chronic diseases of 

 the urinary organs, especially in dogs, in consequence of chronic 

 indurative nephritis, as also in incomplete retention of urine. 

 The nervous disturbances consist sometimes in a certain sensory 

 dullness, sometimes in periodical epileptoid attacks, but they 

 are often absent. The respiration is sometimes rendered diffi- 

 cult by asthmatic attacks (Lienaux). The usual phenomena 

 of chronic uremia consist in digestive disturbances which occur 

 without demonstrable cause (symptoms of gastric catarrh, 

 vomiting, diarrhea) and which may be temporary or permanent. 

 Pruritus has also been observed occasionally. 



Chronic uremia usually causes death sooner or later, in 

 most cases after the supervention of an acute uremic attack. 



Treatment. With the exception of the relief of the urine 

 retention, which is usually operative and which sometimes 

 removes the affection entirely, treatment is not very promising, 

 especially in the presence of severe nephritis. The administra- 

 tion of diuretic remedies, and diaphoresis must be considered; 

 in convulsions narcosis or subcutaneous injections of morphine 

 may be employed. 



Literature. Albrecht, W. f. Tk., 1901. 25. — Bedel, Bull., 1S97. 206. — 

 Grobon, Rev. vet., 1906. 21. — Honigmann, Ergebn. d. Path., 1902. VIII. 1. Abt. 

 549 (Lit.). — Lienaux, Ann., 1894. 65. — Otto, S. B., 1905. 82. — Pflng, Krankh. 

 d. uropoet. Systems, 1876. — Senator, Erkrankung d. Nieren, 1896. 



4. Hyperemia of the Kidneys. Hyperaemia renum. 



Etiology. Arterial hyperemia of the kidneys develops if 

 irritating chemical substances are carried to them with the 

 blood and are then eliminated. Many diuretic remedies (squills, 

 turpentine, especially cantharides, the latter even on cutaneous 

 application) exert their action in such a manner that they 

 increase the arterial blood in the kidneys. The action of many 

 meadow plants (Ranunculaceae) becomes manifest in a similar 

 manner, and especially young animals frequently show symp- 

 toms of renal hyperemia after the ingestion of such plants. 

 In this category belongs also the polyuria (p. 919) occurring 

 in horses after the ingestion of spoiled, musty fodder. Williams 

 observed polyuria in two horses after drinking a small quantity 

 of sea water. This form of renal hyperemia also occurs often 

 in acute infectious diseases in which it is produced by bacterial 

 toxins circulating in the blood. 



Venous hyperemia usually accompanies diseases of the cir- 

 culatory and respiratory organs, wiien the outflow of the venous 

 blood from the kidneys is difficult. This is most frequently 

 the case in organic heart trouble and valvular disease, also 

 in pulmonary emphysema, in chronic interstitial pneumonia, 



