Bacterial Pyelonephritis. 1011 



tegration of the papillae, involvement of the renal pelvis and 

 usually also of the lower urinary passages. The disease is 

 produced by various bacteria, among them the Bacillus s. 

 Corynebacillus renalis (C. pyelonephritidis) bovis and occurs 

 almost exclusively in cattle. 



History. Originally bacterial pyelonephritis was included among 

 the connnon purulent nephrites or pyelonephrites, but was separated, 

 toward the end of the eighties of the last century, from the other inflam- 

 mations of the kidneys as a special disease form. Siedamgrotzky (1875) 

 demonstrated in one case the presence of ])acteria in the affected por- 

 tions of the kidneys, while Dammann (1877) had already noted the 

 typical arrangement of the bacteria (which he called micrococci) in 

 the urinary tubules. Hess (1888-1892), Bang (1889) and Schmidt 

 (1890) studied the disease closely and called attention to the regular 

 occurrence, in the affected kidneys, of the Bacillus renalis, which was 

 later studied at greater detail by"Hoflich (1891), and Enderlen (1891). 

 Valuable investigations were made also bv Lucet (1892), Mollereau & 

 Porcher (1895). Masselin & Porcher (1895), Jensen (1896), Cadeac 

 and Morot (1897), Albrecht (1900), Lienaux & Zwaenopoel (1902) 

 and Sommer (1906), while Ernst (1905) particularly studied the etiol- 

 ogy and pathogenesis of the disease, emphasizing its polybacterial 

 origin which had before him been pointed out by Lucet, Cadeac and 

 Kitt 



Occurrence. In cattle pyelonephritis is a very frequent 

 disease, cows being particularly affected, often shortly after 

 calving, while calves or male animals (oxen, steers) acquire 

 the disease much less often. In hogs it is also observed in 

 exceptional cases (Jensen, Wyssmann) and Schmidt has seen 

 it in a colt. 



Etiology. Pyelonephritis is a polybacterial disease in the 

 causation of which the Bacillus s. Corynebacillus renalis is con- 

 cerned most often, while other bacilli also take part in the in- 

 fection which are capable of producing suppuration or necrosis 

 of the renal tissue. 



The Corynebacillus renalis, Ernst (Bacillus renalis bovis 

 [BolHnger, Enderlen, Hess], B. pyelonephritidis bovum 

 [Hoflicii]) is characterized by its pleomorphic occurrence, it 

 forms, according to Ernst, rods 2-3-4 ^' long, 0.5-0.6 ^ thick, 

 which are often united to short thread-like groups and are 

 irregular in form; sometimes they appear as slender rods, 

 slightly larger in the middle and at the ends, where they also 

 take the stain more deeply, sometimes as long thread-like for- 

 mations which are wound into balls and nets. 



Staining succeeds with the customary stains as well as by Gram's 

 and Weigert's methods and shows either a division of the bacillary 

 bodies into fields arranged in ladder-form, or then a homogeneous 



