Syniptouis, Diagnosis, Treatment. 1021 



sequel of dangerous primary diseases (calculi, parasites, 

 nephritis) or leads of its own account to the development of 

 nephritis. 



Diagnosis. The disease can be recognized only by means 

 of urinary examination. The presence of pus cells and of 

 molar-shaped epithelial cells is particularly significant, but is 

 characteristic only then when a catarrh of the bladder may 

 be excluded, because long-tailed, molar-shaped epithelia may 

 also be derived from the deeper layers of the vesical mucosa. 

 The pus may also have entered the urine from other parts 

 of the urinary organs, especially from the kidneys, from peri- 

 renal abscesses, from the bladder, the prostate, etc.; and it is 

 often extremely difficult or impossible to ascertain its origin. 

 It is finally to be considered that in the presence of a balanitis, 

 of a uterine or a vaginal catarrh, pus may be mixed with the 

 normal urine. 



Treatment. For the purpose of disinfecting the renal 

 pelvis the following remedies may be administered internally: 

 Salicylic acid or its salts (25-50 gm. for horses and cattle; 

 2-10 gm. for sheep, goats, hogs; 0.1-2.0 gm. for carnivora at 

 each dose) ; according to Walther these preparations may, 

 however, produce albuminuria and even nephritis by irritating 

 the urinary passages and the kidneys. Salol in like doses, oil 

 of turpentine (100-200 gm., or 5-25 gm,, or 0.05-2 gm.), 

 urotropin (5-10 gm. for large, 0.5-1.0 gm. for smaller animals, 

 3 times daily with much water [Gmeiner]), helmitol (6-10 gm. 

 for large, 1-2 gm. for smaller animals, per dose, 3 times daily), 

 Folia uvae ursi (20-50 gm. for large, 1-15 g-m. for smaller 

 animals). 



12. Kidney Stone Disease. Nephrolithiasis. 



{Calculi renales.) 



Occurrence. Urinary stones are in domestic animals not 

 infrequent and are found in various portions of the urinary 

 passages. They occur primarily almost always in the wider 

 parts of the urinary apparatus, either in the renal pelvis, 

 possibly already in the straight urinary tubes, or in the bladder, 

 and are only later carried with the urine into other portions 

 of the urinary passages. Stones are found most often in horses 

 and cattle and are much more rare in the other mammals and 

 in fowls. Their frequency is said to increase with the age 

 of the animals (Moller). Sometimes the trouble occurs simul- 

 taneously in many animals among cattle, sheep and hogs. 



In the Years 1862-1897 urinary calculi were found in the Dresden pathological 

 Institute in 12 out of 3,301 dogs (0.38%), in 1 out of 450 eats (0.22%), and in 

 11 out of 2,100 horses (0..5%). 



