1032 Catarrh of the Bladder. 



stance circulating in the blood or only after it has, with the 

 urine, entered the bladder and thus has come in contact with 

 the mucous membrane (Hentrich observed catarrh of the 

 bladder in horses after feeding with beer slops which had 

 become sour). 



Vesical calculi can also give rise to inflammation in the 

 mucosa of the bladder by mechanical irritation. 



Anatomical Changes. In acute cystitis the mucous mem- 

 brane is vividly reddened, swollen, perhaps studded with small 

 hemorrhages, and covered with viscid mucus or with a purulent 

 deposit ; the submucous layers are soggy with serum. In more 

 intense inflammation yellowish, croupous fibrin membranes are 

 found, or dirty-gray diphtheritic deposits, or localized ulcerous 

 destruction; it is also possible to find small or large abscesses 

 in the walls of the bladder. 



In chronic cystitis the mucosa is thickened, corrugated and 

 not infrequently covered with branched-out villous prolifera- 

 tions. Salts are eliminated from the urine and form a coarse 

 crusty deposit on the mucous membrane. The muscular laj^er 

 usually hjTDertrophies when the disease exists for a considerable 

 time. 



Often inflammatory conditions are found also in the 

 urethra, in the ureters and in the renal pelvis; in the chronic 

 forms dilatation of the renal pelvis is not infrequent and is 

 associated with inflammation or atrophy of the kidneys. 



Emphysema of the bladder of cattle was observed in one case each by Bnnge 

 and Malm and in two cases by TroUdenier. Outside of hemorrhages, thickening 

 of the bladder wall was found with numerous air bubbles of various sizes in 

 the latter. In Bunge's case such air bubbles had also developed in the renal 

 pelvis of the cow which was ill with pyelonephritis. 



Symptoms. One of the most striking phenomena in acute 

 catarrh of the bladder is the frequent and painful micturition 

 (Tenesmus vesicae. Stranguria, Dysuria). The animals make 

 frequent attempts to urinate, during which they either void 

 no urine or only a small quantity with manifestations of severe 

 pain. The pressure to urinate and therefore the contraction 

 of the bladder muscles may be repeated at such brief intervals 

 that the urine is discharged almost uninterruptedly and in 

 driblets, similarly as in paralysis of the sphincter. 



In male animals there occur also frequent erections of 

 the penis, the testicles are drawn up, and in horses signs of 

 colic occur at times. Pressure upon the bladder causes severe 

 pain and at the same time the organ will be found to be empty. 

 Exceptionally there is retention of urine (ischuria), perhaps 

 because the sphincter is contracted convulsively or because the 

 mucosa at the neck of the bladder is much swollen, or the 

 opening of the urethra is obstructed by exudation. 



The urine is usually cloudy and dark in color; it contains 

 variable, but comparatively small quantities of albumen 



