570 APPENDIX. 



only of the stomach, but also of the spleen, liver, pancreas, kidneys, 

 ureters, &c. The following is the method of turning the stomach inside 

 out, so as to study its internal surface, and to dissect its muscular coats : 

 — Cut out the stomach, with about three inches of the oesophagus, and 

 six inches of the duodenum, and then proceed to wash out the interior 

 of the organ in the following manner, — introduce a quantity of Avater 

 into the stomach by fixing the duodenum to the stop-cock of a cistern ; 

 then with the right hand relax the stomach, holding firmly the duo- 

 denum with the left hand to prevent the escape of the liquid. The 

 alimentar)'^ substances contained in the viscus are thus mixed with the 

 water, and may be expelled by a little pressure made upon the stomach ; 

 repeat this four or five times, thus completely washing the inner surface 

 of the organ. To invert the stomach, making the external surface the 

 internal, introduce through the duodenum a loop of iron-wire, passing 

 out through the oesophagus ; pass through the loop a very strong waxed 

 ligature, and then tie it securely round the oesophagus ; by pulling the 

 iron-wire passed through the pylorus, the latter will be sufficiently dilated 

 to permit the passage of the cardiac end, and the stomach will be com- 

 pletely inverted. By inflating it, the stomach may be easily restored to 

 its normal form and disposition, with this diff"erence, that the mucous 

 surface is external and the serous internal. 



The Intestine. — The study of the intestine must be made on a special 

 preparation ; open the inferior wall of the abdomen to show the organs. 

 But as the mass which constitutes it is heavy and difficult to move, pro- 

 ceed to expel the contents by a proceeding analogous to that described 

 under "The Stomach." A puncture is made in the caecum, sufficient to 

 permit the escape of the substances accumulated in this reservoir. 

 Those accumulated in the colon are got rid of by an incision in the pelvic 

 flexure, those in the rectum, through an opening made in the floating 

 colon ; the small intestine is cut into three or four nearly equal parts. 

 This operation having been completed, inflate the intestine so as to show 

 their normal size; and thus the general disposition of the intestinal mass 

 may be studied with the greatest ease in the anterior of the abdomen. 

 It will also be well to take the whole intestine out of the body of the 

 animal, and, placing it upon the table, isolate the different parts, study 

 their succession, and gain a complete idea of their form. 



THE ORGANS OF CIRCULATION. 



Structure of the Heart. — Before proceeding to the dissection of 

 the muscular fibres of the heart, it is indispensable to boil this viscus in 

 water for half or three-quarters of an hour. 



