ON AGRICFLTURE TO DENMARK 11 



pasteurised by being heated up to 180° F. before leaving the 

 creamery. Creameries provide the necessary milk cans for convey- 

 ing the milk to the creameries. Milk vans are also provided, and 

 the conveyance of the milk is let to contractors. These milk vans 

 pass along the principal roads, and collect the milk from the farmers, 

 who are bound to bring it to the main roads. In some cases the 

 farmers combine and cart their own milk, and in such cases they 

 are allowed the sum that the creamery would in ordinary circum- 

 stances deduct for cartage. In summer the milk is delivered twice 

 daily, and in winter once a day. Refrigerators are provided by the 

 creameries for the purpose of cooling the milk at the farms, but in 

 no case must different milkings be mixed, as this seriously interferes 

 with successful butter-making. 



Stringent rules are laid down by the creamery directors as to 

 the feeding of the cows, and all foods calculated to impart an objec- 

 tionable flavour to the milk are strictly forbidden. The milk of 

 newly-calved cows must not be sent to the creamery until three 

 days after calving, and in some cases five days ; and the milk of 

 cows suffering from any disease must not be delivered at the 

 creamery unless accompanied by the certificate of a veterinary 

 surgeon. Severe penalties are imposed for non-observance of these 

 and other rules. Cards are circulated amongst the members con- 

 taining the printed instructions to be observed both as regards the 

 feeding and general treatment of the cows, and also the milking of 

 them. These cards are invariably found suspended in the byres. 

 To the credit of the Danes it must be said that seldom or never 

 have these penalties to be imposed, the loyalty and fidelity with 

 which they carry out the rules of their own organisation being a 

 strong feature in their system of co-operation. Their welfare and 

 prosperity as a nation and community depend on the successful 

 development of their respective industries, and any member 

 attempting fraud or found guilty of carelessness, to the prejudice 

 of his fellow- members, would more than likely have a rather un- 

 pleasant experience. In this way it is claimed that co-operation is 

 doing nmch towards developing Danish character. 



Apart from the great creamery at Trifolium, the capital required 

 to start an average Danish creamery is from £1200 to £1500, 

 including buildings, numager's house, plant, etc. ; and the average 

 turnover will be, roughly, the milk of say 800 cows. In many of 

 the co-operative dairies the management is farmed out to the 

 manager : thus a gross sum is paid to him, calculated on the turn- 

 over, out of which he pays the wages of the other employees, the 

 balance, together with house, coal and light, going to make up his 

 own remuneration. There are, however, obvious objections to this 

 plan, and amongst thoughtful men the system is not considered quite 

 satisfactory. From figures obtained it may be gathered that about 

 25*5 lbs. of milk produce a pound of butter, and the price paid to 

 the farmers for their milk would be 4'17 ore per lb., or almost 6d. 

 per gallon all the year round exclusive of profits. The charge for 

 cartage of milk to the creameries varies considerably, according to 

 the situation. In some cases it was found to be ranging from 5 ore 



