LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 



A " White Star " Liner crossing the Atlantic. 



Frontispiece. 

 The Steerage of an Atlantic Steamship Forty Years 



ago ... ... ... ... ... ... 4 



At Dinner in the First-class Dining Saloon of an 



Atlantic Steamship during a Storm ... 9 



New York Bay, looking across to Staten Island... 12 



A Pullman Railway Car ... ... ... ... 16 



Madison Street, Chicago ... ... ... ... 17 



On the Pacific Railway : a Scene in the Sierra 



Nevada Mountains ... ... ... ... 20 



Camp Douglas Garrison, near Salt Lake City ... 24 



A Street in Salt Lake City 25 



On the Pacific Railway ; the Interior of a Snow- 

 Shed in the Sierra Nevada ... ... ... 29 



A Cricket-match on Board Ship ... ... ... 33 



Leaving the Coast of California ... ... ... 36 



A Street in Japan 41 



The Custom House, Shanghai ... ... ... 44 



View of Honolulu, Sandwich Islands To fare p or/ e 45 

 The Volcanoes of Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea, 



Sandwich Islands (from the Sea) ... ... 49 



View in Collins Street, Melbourne, Australia ... 53 



" The passengers were let down by ropes" ... 57 



The Rescue from the St. Lawrence River. .. ... 60 



Pearl Oyster (Meleagrina, margari f ifera) ... ... 68 



Diving for Pearls ... ... ... ... ... 69 



Coral 72 



Coral Island ... ... ... ... ... ... 72 



Coral Fishing. . . ... ... ... 73 



Sponge Fishing off the Coast of Greece. To face page 77 



Sponge, Growing ... ... ... ... ... 77 



A Diver at "Work (with Submarine Lamp) ... 80 



Divers Attacked by a Sword Fish ... ... ... 84 



Divers at "Work ... ... ... ... ... 85 



Chart of the Atlantic Ocean ... ... ... 88 



Waves off the Cape of Good Hope... ... ... 89 



Whirlpool of Corrievreckan, off the Hebrides ... 93 



"The Souffleur," Island of Mauritius 96 



A Ship Sailing in Phosphorescent Sea. To face page 97 



Phosphorescence on the Surface of the Sea ... 97 



Section of the First Atlantic Cable 100 



Exterior and Section of the 1865 Atlantic Cable.. . 101 

 The Paying-out Machinery on Board the Great 



Eastern ... ... ... ... ... 104 



The Great Eastern Laying the Atlantic Cable ... 109 



PAGE 



Foraminif era in Piece of Rock ... ... ... 112 



Propagation of an Infusorian by Spontaneous 



Division ... ... ... ... ... 113 



Kondylostoma Patens (magnified 300 times) ... 113 



Medusae ... ... ... ... ... ... 116 



Praya Diphyes ... ... ... ... ... 117 



Agalma Rubra (three-fifths natural size) ... ... 120 



Physalia Antarctica ... ... ... ... ... 121 



Madrepores ... ... ... ... ... ... 124 



Sea Anemones ... ... ... ... ... 125 



Star-fish 128 



Urchins in a Rock ... ... ... ... ... 128 



Sea Cucumber (Holothuria ttibulosa) ... ... 128 



The Razor Fish (Solen ensis) ... ... ... 129 



The Mussel (Mytilus tdulls) 129 



Isolated Piles covered with the Spawn of Mussels 132 



Oysters (Ostrca edulis) ... ... ... ... 133 



Dredging for Oysters ... ... ... ... 137 



The Scallop (Pecten) 140 



The Limpet (PaMfa) 140 



Spondylus ... ... ... ... ... ... 140 



Turbo 141 



Trochus 141 



Voluta 141 



Comis ... ... ... ... ... 141 



The Cowrie (Cyprosa tigris) ... ... ... ... 141 



Strombus .. ... ... ... ... ... 144 



Murex ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 144 



Triton 144 



Harpa 145 



Purpura Lapillus ... ... ... ... ... 145 



Cleodora ... ... ... ... ... ... 145 



The Octopus (Octopus vulgaris) ... ... ... 148 



The Common Nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) . . . 149 



Crabs (Cancer pagurus) ... ... To face pane 153 



The West Indian Land Crab (Gecarcinus ruricola) 153 



The Hermit Crab (Pagurus Bernliardits) ... ... 156 



Lobster (Homarus ruJgaris) and Prawns (Palcemon 



scrratus) ... ... . . ... ... 157 



The Common Shark (Carcharias vulgaris)... ... 161 



The Dog-fish (Acanthias vulgaris) ... ... ... 164 



The Globe-fish (Tctrodon) and Sun-fish (Orf/ia- 



goriscus mola) ... ... ... ... 164 



The Pipe-fish (Syngnathus acus) ... ... ... 165 



The Flying-fish (Exoccettis exiliens) ... ... 165 



The Salmon (Safmo salar) 168 



