118 



SKXIAL MMOWIIISM 



these excrescences being of a scarlet colour. The account of 

 the habits of this species quoted by Ogilvie Grant suggests 

 that its habits are polygamous and pugnacious, while other 

 species are said to live in pairs, or to be gregarious. The 

 crest is erected during excitement. 



In some of the genera of Cracida?, namely, Crax, Pawns, 

 Mitua, and Ortalis, the trachea or windpipe has an extra- 

 ordinary development in the males, which is absent in the 

 females. 1 This modification consists in such a great lengthen- 

 ing of the trachea that it forms a loop, which is accommodated 

 beneath the skin of the breast, in some cases extending back 

 as far as the end of the breast-bone. The trachea is bent upon 

 itself, and returns to the front of the breast-bone to enter the 

 thorax in the usual way. 



Although the evidence is not very clear, I think it will be 

 found that this lengthening of the trachea is associated with 

 internal pressure of air, but whether this straining of the 

 trachea is related to the voice proper or not I cannot say. I 

 have pointed out the difficulty of the question in reference to 

 the pouch of the emeu. 



The genera Turnix and Pedionymus were placed by Dr. 

 Gadow in the sub-order Turnices, next to the sub-order Galli, 

 in the order Galliformes. They are regarded by Ogilvie 

 Grant as forming the order Hemipodii, which is intermediate 

 between the Gallinse and the Ballinse or Rails. In all the 

 species of these genera the female is considerably larger, and 

 usually has more handsome plumage than the male. They 

 are small quail-like birds, with very short tails, and the hind- 

 toe absent, or in Pedionymus rudimentary. There are 

 twenty-one species of Turnix distributed from the south of 

 Spain to Australia. The Indian species, Turnix taigoor, lives 

 in India, Northern Ceylon, Burma, Malay Peninsula, China, 

 and the Liu-Kiu Islands. The total length of the male is 



1 Forbes, "On the Convoluted Trachea," etc., P.Z.S., 1882. 



