234 SEXUAL DIMORPHISM 



alcippus, and occurs also in West Africa, but it is by no 

 means a perfect imitation of Danais alcippus, the white 

 not being so much developed. Specimens of this form in 

 the British Museum collection are few in number, and the 

 majority of specimens of Hypolimnas from Sierra Leone are 

 of the ordinary form, with only a slight tinge of white on the 

 hind wings. Here then the mimicry is by no means so exact 

 as the paper of Colonel Swinhoe would suggest. In Central 

 Africa (Victoria Nyanza) and at Massowah also, the form 

 Hypolimnas alcippoides occurs. 



Specimens with some white on the hind wings also occur 

 occasionally in India. 



Another form of Danais occurring in Africa differs from 

 ehrysippus only in the absence of the black and white patch 

 on the apex of the fore wing, so that nearly the whole upper 

 surface is brownish yellow. This form is named by Dr. 

 Butler Klugii. It occurs, though not abundantly, in India 

 at Bombay, Karachi, and the Punjab ; in Africa in the upper 

 part of the valley of the Nile, and about the great lakes of 

 the Nile. A variety of Hypolimnas resembles or mimics this 

 form of Danais, and occurs in India more commonly than the 

 form it resembles. 



A fourth form of Danais is like the last, but with white 

 on the hind wings. This form is named D. dorippus, and 

 occurs in Nubia and along the shores of the Red Sea. A 

 variety of the female Hypolimnas misippus resembling this 

 has been taken at Aden, but I do not know if it occurs 

 commonly along with dorippus in Nubia. I have seen a 

 specimen of misippus resembling D. klugii with a tinge of 

 white on the hind wings from Sierra Leone. 



The whole story then comes to this, that there are four 

 varieties of one species, Danais chrysippus. These four are 

 made up of combinations of three characters, namely (1) a 

 general brownish-yellow colour, (2) a black and white apex 



