Association. Occasionally forms pure stands, but usually is found 

 associated with other species, such as Douglas fir, western hemlock, white 

 pine, giant arborvitae, Engelmann spruce, and lowland fir. 



General. One of the most valuable western trees. Good size, 

 form, clearness, durability and strength. The cut for 1912 was 63 

 million feet at an average sale value of $15.03 per thousand feet. 



Should be grown with tolerant species for soil protection. 



PICEA, The Spruces. 



Root System. Very shallow. 



Tolerance. Variably tolerant. Great ability to recover from 

 suppression. 



Range. Cooler parts of the Temperate Zone, forming the bulk of 

 the northern coniferous forest of America. Both white and black spruce 

 extend to the northern tree limit. 



Association. Most gregarious of Canadian genera. Also occurs 

 in a mixture. 



General. There are 18 species altogether of which there are 7 in 

 the U.S. and 5 in Canada. In commercial importance, the spruces are 

 first in Canada. In 1912, they headed the Canadian lumber cut with 

 32.1% of the total; average mill price $14.46 per thousand. Quebec 

 supplied 29%, and New Brunswick 25% of this. Of the pulp-wood total 

 of 672,000 cords the spruces furnished 81.6% (of which 58% was from 

 Quebec) ; average mill price was $6.47 per cord. 



In the United States, the western spruces with 60 billion feet, and the 

 eastern spruces with 50 billion feet, together form 4.4% of the total 

 stumpage. In 1910, they ranked seventh with a cut of approximately 

 1 \ billion feet board measure, or 3.6% of the total; average mill price was 

 $16.62 per thousand. Of the domestic pulp-wood, spruces supplied 

 about 1 \ million cords or 36% of the total (domestic and imported spruces 

 form 58% of the total). 



PICEA MARIANA, Mill. 

 Black Spruce. Swamp Spruce. 



Size. 20 to 30, or even 90 feet in height; rarely 3 feet in diameter. 



Growth. Generally very slow but persistent. Life 200 years. 

 :> 1 t reea in Riding Mountains in Manitoba grew 5 inches in 72 years, and 

 8 inches in 118 years. 



Root System. Shallow. 



Bole. Generally rapid taper and little clear. 



Crown. Open, irregular, conical crown with short pendulous 

 branches; twigs downy. 



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