in October. Seeds fairly large and winged; germination percent low; 

 vitality very transient. Will germinate on moist duff. Seedlings prefer 

 some shade. 



Range. Southern Alaska and the coast mountains and Cascades 

 of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. Sea-level to 5000 feet in 

 B.C. Optimum in Puget Sound region 



Climate. Temperature generally equable, to 90 Fahr. ; pre- 

 cipitation abundant, average 45 inches; humidity moderate. 



Soil. Exacting as to drainage and soil moisture. Will grow on a 

 variety of soils from shallow gravelly sand to moist sandy loam. 



Association. Occurs pure in isolated groups on Vancouver Island, 

 but commonly in a mixture. In B.C. in the upper slope type above 

 the Douglas fir forest with western and mountain hemlock, alpine fir, 

 and Engelmann spruce. 



General. Not at present cut except incidentally. The supply is 

 large and will some day be utilized. It is silviculturally important in the 

 dense lowland forest because of its tolerance and ability to form an under- 

 story below the shade of the other species. 



ABIES GRANDIS, Lindl. 

 Lowland Fir. Grand Fir. White Fir. Silver Fir. 



Size. Average 100 to 125 ft. by 2 ft. Maximum 200 to 250 ft. by 

 4ft. 



Growth. Moderately rapid and is well sustained. Life probably 

 up to 300 years. 



Root System. Shallow (U.S.F.S. Silvical Leaflets). Deep (Sud- 

 worth). 



Bole. Straight, cylindrical. 



Crown. Round topped cone in old trees. 



Tolerance. Tolerant. Less so than western hemlock or cedar, 

 and more so than Douglas fir and noble fir. Clears readily in dense 

 stands. 



Wood. Light, soft, course grained, weak, not durable. 



Reproduction. Not very prolific; good seed years at irregular 

 intervals. Cones mature in one summer, in the early fall, and shed their 

 seeds at once. Seeds fairly large and winged; germination percent low; 

 vitality medium. Seedlings will grow on humus and mineral soil, and 

 may germinate in the fall after the seed fall. Partial shade preferred. 



Range. Southern B.C. to northern Idaho, western Montana, 

 Oregon and northern California coast. 



Climate. Equable; temperature down to -30 Fahr., in the 

 mountains; the precipitation is well distributed, but July and August 

 are dry. 



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